The Technological Side Of Fashion - 2188 Words

Between the 18th and 19th century, the Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain, leaving results that greatly impacted on the way that people lived their lives. Until this very day aspects of society are continuously changing especially in the world of fashion. The fashion industry is constantly evolving especially both technological and economical aspects. The technological side of fashion has emerged greatly with technology like 3D printers becoming common for fashion brands to use when creating new garments. For example during the winter of 2015 the high street brand Topshop collaborated with Wonderluk, a company who create and sell 3D printed accessories. The collaboration included 3D printed necklaces, rings, and bowties. In economic†¦show more content†¦For example, a main attribute of the economics will be how much each piece of clothing costs to make. Also, other costs such the disruption and shipping of the clothing will be included in the economic side of fashion. Companies spend big amounts of money in all of these elements of fashion, especially on the textiles used to produce the garment with along with the materials that will be used to distribute the clothing in. Cotton, a heavily used material in the fashion industry, is regularly blamed for contributing towards environmental issues that the world is facing alongside other things. Sportswear brand Puma, are aware of the waste the fashion industry is believed to be contributing towards environmental issues, so the company teamed up with designer Yves Behar in 2015 to create the ’clever little bag’. This is their new sustainable way of distributing their shoes to customers instead of using cardboard boxes. Instead the bag is made with less material and as the packaging is a sleeve with handles there is no need for a use of a plastic carrier bag when the shoes are first purchased. The main concept behind the change of the packaging was to help reduce the amount of wastage that happens when shoes are distributed in shoe boxes. Because shoe boxes are not being re-used or recycled into something else more and more cardboard is being wasted, which goes back to a big amount of trees are being cut down to produce these boxes. It

A Brief History Of Mark Cindy Pentecost Essay - 1174 Words

First, a brief history of the company It Works Global. Mark Cindy Pentecost began the business in 2001, with Luis Mijares, the formulator behind the It Works body, contouring and skin care products. The company was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Don VerHulst, MD joined the company in 2005 to expand products to include vitamins and nutrition. By 2009 the company was completely debt free. In 2010 It Works went international. The company was moved to Bradenton, Florida in 2011. It Works Global has 115,000 distributors, worldwide. (It Works Global, 2016) This brings us to Nikki Jones, an independent distributor with It Works. It Works Global considers their distributors to be entrepreneurs. Nikki began her business March, 13th 2014, by this time It Works Global had reached the $450 million mark. (It Works Global, 2016)Nikki is enjoying her business and the structure behind it, she has had much success with her business, although there were some obstacles along the way. The structure of an It Works Global Independent Distributor business is what led Nikki to start her own business. Nikki would not have begun this journey had it not been for the support of an already established company that sold unique products. This took out most of the fear associated with starting one’s own business. Nikki is a certified veterinary aide, having attended Wayne Community College, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, and OSU Agricultural Technical Institute. (Jones, 2016) She was not

Space design considerations for an architecture school Free Essays

And teaching staff in newly approved Institution / Program. Then it gives detailed time schedule for processing of applications . Page- 72 : It provides further information about Unapproved Institutions, detailed points to be carried out Action in case of violation of Regulations. We will write a custom essay sample on Space design considerations for an architecture school or any similar topic only for you Order Now It provides objectives , eligibility , processing fee and procedure for approval, conditions for approval regarding Collaboration Twining Program between Indian and Foreign Universities or Institutions in the field of Technical Education, Research and Training . Peg 73- 81 : It gives information about the program , duration and eligibility for students o be considered while giving admission to under graduate degree program, Post Graduate Degree and Post Graduate Diploma Programs (Full Time), Diploma Program, Post Diploma Programs . Page- 107 : It lists the approved Nomenclature of Courses of 400 courses taught under CACTI. It gives information in tabular form regarding the Norms for Intake Peggy-111 . Number of Courses / Divisions in the Technical Institutions of under graduate level, Post Graduate Degree and Post Graduate Diploma Level, Private Limited or Public Limited Company/laundry Establishing Diploma or UnderGraduate or Post Graduate Institute. Peg 12- : it describes the Norms for Land requirement and Building Space for Technical Institution , like the land requirement in acres in Other than Rural places(Competent Authority to certify that the place is not located in a rural area) and Rural Places as defined by Competent Authority. It gives detailed requirements of built-up area divided in 1 . Instructional area (NINA, carpet area in sq. M. ), Administrative area (DAD, carpet area in sq. M. ), Amenities area (AMA, carpet area in sq. 2. Circulation area (CIA) is equal to 0. 250 (NINA+DAD+AMA). M. ). , 3. Total built up area in sq. M. Is equal to (NINA+DAD+AMA) How to cite Space design considerations for an architecture school, Papers

Lack of access to Palliative Care-Myassignmenthelp-Myassignment

Question: Write an Essay on Lack of access to Palliative Care. Answer: Introduction End of life care is particularly challenging for the healthcare professionals as it requires extensive collaboration and critical insight to ensure health and wellbeing of the distressed individuals in need of care. In contrast to the terminally ill patients who require palliative care services for management of their condition, the ones afflicted by dementia like disorders is shrouded with impediments that hamper their quality of life significantly. Dementia has been identified as a debilitating syndrome that causes progressive deterioration of the cognitive brain functioning encompassing memory, perception, reasoning, understanding and behavior. The geriatric population is more vulnerable to acquire this condition and majority of the incidences reportedly occur at age 65 years or more (World Health Organization, 2017). Data in the context of Australia for the year 2014 has revealed that dementia including Alzheimers disease is the second leading cause of death accounting for 7.8% o f total mortalities in Australia (Abs.gov.au, 2017). In consideration of the above situation it is imperative to resort to prudent approaches as offered through palliative care facilities for enhancing the prevalent scenario with respect to the dementia patients living in Australia. The following essay will highlight on three relevant issues that might hinder the provision of person-centered and family focused palliative care for older people living with end-stage dementia in residential aged care facilities in Australia itself. Issues that may hinder the provision of person-centered and family focused palliative care for older people living with end-stage dementia in residential aged care facilities in Australia Rendering person-centered and family focused palliative care for older people thriving with end-stage dementia in case of aged care facilities may be disrupted due to pervasiveness of various issues such as paucity of access to palliative care, communication problems and faulty pain management. These issues impede the proper management of the deleterious health condition of dementia that tends to rob oneself of her personal stand. Lack of access to palliative care Dementia is a potentially debilitating illness in which the declining cognitive status of the affected person majorly influences the judgment, reasoning, memory and communication skills thereby posing threat to the victims. Hence, providing adequate and most appropriate treatment intervention is a challenging task for the healthcare professionals. Moreover, end stage dementia is particularly hard to handle due to insufficient and considerable knowledge acquisition on the part of healthcare professionals in addition to limited resources and dearth of curative therapies. Transcending the traditional care with respect to dementia patients, novel and improved healthcare practices are required to remedy the sufferings of the dementia affected patients as well as their families thereby providing opportunities for maximizing the quality of life of them across various stages of illness. Poor outcomes because of end of life issues in dementia patients is of particular botheration as it tend t o jeopardize the stability in a persons life and incur threats to health (Lee et al. 2017). Further, researches carried out with respect to the provision of end-of-life care depicted that despite being a terminal illness condition; dementia is often undermined that leads to inadequate healthcare delivery. People with end stage dementia do not have access to most suited end-of-life care needs that compromise their healthcare outcomes in a major way. In contrast to other terminal illness, stereotype and stigma is attached with dementia that makes it more difficult to combat the adverse outcomes. Difficulty in dementia diagnosis coupled with lack of education regarding the disorder by the healthcare workforce, families and caregivers predisposes the vulnerable group of elderly population to encounter the wraths and negative repercussions. Inability to detect complications associated with end stage dementia by the healthcare professionals further aggravates the problem and harness poor end-of-life outcomes to strategize suitable interventions based on the individualized needs of the affected dementia person. The composite needs of the victims are not succinctly addressed due to such negative results emanating from dearth of clinical expertise and insight for recognizing the specific symptoms of dementia. Fewer referrals to suitable palliative care facilities are another major hindrance (Dowling et al. 2015). The culturally, linguistically and ethnically diverse groups are particularly susceptible to face discrimination in terms of access to healthcare and equity in service provision. Therefore, timely diagnosis and prompt intervention are delayed that procrastinates the chances of recovery of the dementia patient in a huge manner. Adequate navigation of the healthcare system if not fulfilled satisfactorily has the ability to diminish the service outcomes for dementia patients in spite of exhibition of similar symptoms like that of pain, confusion, agitation, lack of sleep and eating as happens in terminal illness like cancer (King, Goeman and Koch 2015). Communication issues In contemporary healthcare sector, communication is considered crucial and complementary to other modes of therapeutic interventions for deriving optimal benefits for the distressed patient. In case of dementia-affected patients, similar results may be expected out of appropriate following of communication strategies. The affected individuals may not always verbally articulate sufferings instead, they may resort to expressing their issues of concern through behavioral gestures and similar symptoms. Functional decline of the dementia sufferers is commonly noted that may be indicative of the diagnostic presence of dementia in the concerned individual. Thus, the general practitioners through cooperative and synergistic efforts received from other allied healthcare professionals are capable of rendering accurate diagnosis and management for dementia. Empirical evidences have offered resolution in mitigating the challenging issues with respect to the dementia patients through undertaking of proper training, encouraging the dementia-affected to continue with exercise programs, healthy dietary intake and self-sufficient activities of daily living as much as practicable. Therefore, understanding the underlying symptoms through critical reflection is important for the health service providers to address the situation satisfactorily and has been categorically stated in the clinical practice guidelines for elderly dementia patients (Dyer et al. 2016). Apart from the healthcare workers, the family members who remain in close association with the patient might also encounter challenges to comprehend the immediate situation that indicate the behavioral underpinning linked to dementia. The healthcare prioritization of dementia like condition have garnered considerable attention in recent circumstances that further necessitated the need to incorporate all the elements surrounding dementia care to harbor positive outcomes. Emphasis has been attached to consider revision of care givers needs in liaison with the cultural values for reducing the subjective burden associated with dementia. The caregiver support mechanisms has been suggested to rest in conformity with the allied concepts of dementia care for prudent intervention regarding the matter. The ability to listen, respond and construe depending on the patients situation has been identified particularly important (Xiao et al. 2014). Better communication and comprehension of the non-verbal behavioral responses is likely to ensure the smooth implementation of the therapeutic interventions aimed to ameliorate the symptoms of the dementia patient. Non-verbal communication has been recognized as the most suitable therapeutic target through psychological intervention models within the delivery care framework. Specifically dementia and Alzheimers disease has been reportedly lead to the generation of improved outcomes through utilization of various technological resources so that communication between people wi th dementia and their caregivers presents significant transformation (Chenery et al. 2016). The inability to voice their feelings or express with the help of words should not stand on the way of offering appropriate health service to the patient, instead behavioral responses and facial expressions must be taken into consideration while assessing the dementia condition for the concerned affected person. The changing behavioral pattern in course of progressive stages of dementia need to be kept into account by the attending healthcare professionals to deal with the ensuing situation perfectly. Study findings suggest that increased education in addition to support for families circumscribing issues pertinent to end-of-life care decisions is fruitful for advanced dementia. In case, the patients do not have the capacity to take decisions about treatment modalities in end of life, the same must be entrusted upon the near ones of the patient comprising of family members preferably. The nec essary decisions on patients behalf will be taken by that concerned individual, which is to be clearly defined in statements surrounding advanced care planning where explanations for choices in end-of-life care will be documented (Reinhardt et al. 2014). Pain management There has been speculation regarding the use of analgesic medications in case of the dementia-affected individuals that has largely accounted for the reduced use of pain reliving medicines in case of such patients. Improper and decreased pain management is thus noticed. Effective treatment faces barriers in absence of successful communication of pain for severe dementia. Systematic study of facial expressions has brought to the forefront distinguished characteristics specific to the perception of pain that hold potential for future implication to alleviate dementia symptoms through proper therapeutic administration. The reliable indicators of pain has been found to be confounded by factors such as contextual variables, observers bias in addition to overall state of the individuals health and wellbeing. Thus, the susceptibility to pain by the elderly individuals is likely to be resolved by allaying the possibilities of under-recognition, under-treatment and under-estimation (Hadjistav ropoulos et al. 2014). Issues like that of grimacing pain because of progressive illness that cause significant decline of their health status compound dementia patients approaching end of life. The healthcare assistants recruited at the aged care facilities spend a bulk proportion of time with the ailing patients as opposed to other healthcare personnel thereby acting as the frontline healthcare workforce responsible for offering accurate healthcare service to the dementia patients. They conduct the operations related to identification of pain in the dementia-affected persons and reporting to the immediate authority for prompt medical intervention. Literature has supported the up skilling of this group of healthcare team members and reversal of the stigma attached to the role to render safe and quality dementia care for the concerned persons (Jansen et al. 2017). Targeted pain management services through incorporation of relevant pain assessment tools has been highlighted in furthe r study to allow better understanding in relation to the prescribing practices within the aged care facilities thereby accounting for improved quality of life for those affected persons (Tan et al. 2014). Healthcare staff and informal caregivers who remain in close proximity with the dementia afflicted patients in the aged care facilities exhibit attitudinal and knowledge barriers in assessment of pain that threaten the status of those persons because of exerting significant influence over practice behaviour. Thus, discernible attention and prudent intervention with respect to pain management through knowledge and other skills acquisition is desirable to elicit positive responses through better pain handling in the dementia patients during their end-of-life care (Chandler et al. 2017). Critically analyses Management of dementia in aged care facilities calls for greater insight, prudence and pragmatism through utilization of suitable multidimensional composite healthcare interventions that are capable of eliciting positive results on application. A team comprising of interdisciplinary healthcare members may undertake measures that properly address the needs of the dementia patients so that quality of life of both patient as well as caregiver may be improved. Prognosis, management and advanced care planning for the dementia patients are likely to culminate in generating holistic outcomes that will cause emancipation of the individuals health in addition to assessing their palliative care needs (Brody 2016). Delivery of effective dementia care planning has been found to be thwarted due to poor symptom assessment alongside possible inappropriate prescription of antipsychotic medication that may be further attributed to the lacunae in understanding and knowledge in managing dementia patien ts by the healthcare workers during their clinical intervention (OShea et al. 2015). Deeper probe into matters relevant to the dementia patients have referred to both the under-treatment and under-recognition of pain among the elderly dementia patients. The deficits in nursing knowledge and attitudes owing to the complexity and individualization with respect to pain behaviors have been held responsible for such implications. However, a standardized approach to pain management in conjunction with workforce stability and accessibility of proper training for the nurses might lead to successful management of pain in case of dementia patients (McIlfatrick 2015). Further, critical appraisal of dementia patient condition has talked about implementation of a facilitated approach to better equip with relevant resources essential to deal with older patients suffering from dementia. A collaborative nursing home culture supported by activities and ongoing associations for the healthcare workers is desirable to ensure safe and quality healthcare facility for dementia affected, palliative care patients (Luckett et al. 2017). Recommendation Positive healthcare outcomes specific to the elderly dementia patients may be represented through access to palliative healthcare services in residential aged care settings where the nurses and other healthcare staff make endeavors to render all round support for managing their condition. Information available in the context of Australia suggest that the escalating numbers of dementia diagnosed patients require extensive care in the form of palliative care services as accessible in the aged care facilities to ameliorate their declining health status symptoms (Aihw.gov.au, 2017). Empirical evidences have argued in favor of improvising and implementing appropriate interventions for the sake of addressing the end-of-life care services specific to the dementia patients that aim to harp on matters related to the challenges in course of the illness and trajectory. In conjunction with the interactive responses, the non-verbal communication has been considered crucial to better manage the co ndition besides being heed to the sufferings of the caregivers who remain in close association with the patients (Rexach2012). Apart from the traditional modalities of dementia management, it has been increasingly emphasized to recover the knowledge deficits and apply relevant learning, desirable skills regarding palliative care management of dementia patients among the healthcare workers and families of patients surviving with dementia that may be enhanced through evidence based practice. Palliative care has been identified as a potential way of managing dementia to live up to the heightened demands of optimal care for dementia afflicted (Robinson et al. 2014). Further, recommendations have highlighted on maintaining the ethical and legal standards of practice in nursing for safeguarding the choices, autonomy and dignity of the patients by means of providing insight pertaining to advanced care planning (ACP) that in turn may be facilitated through arranging training sessions for th e concerned healthcare professionals in charge of dementia affected patients (Health.gov.au, 2017). Conclusion Critical evaluation of the condition prevalent among the dementia patients receiving end of life care has brought to the forefront the barriers to management of such individuals within the residential setting framework of palliative care unit. Until date no cure for dementia has been discovered, however alleviation of the symptoms associated with the disorder has been found to be effective in tackling the situation specific to the patient. Therefore, it must be ensured so that they get access to specialized palliative care health services at par with others suffering from terminal illness. Accurate assessment and interpretation of the patient situation carried out by the nurses and other healthcare personnel is crucial to treat them holistically by catering to their individualized needs. Pragmatic observation of both the verbal as well as nom-verbal communication is beneficial in this respect where the nurses may satisfactorily acknowledge the distinctive scenario. Further, the pain management regime needs to be well monitored and comprehensive to prevent adverse outcomes and ensure better quality of life for the dementia affected old. Overall the end of life care for dementia patients needs to be framed in coalition with inputs received the respective healthcare professionals, the patient and their families so that all aspects of health including the physical, emotional, spiritual, as well as cultural domains is addressed for harboring optimal outcomes. References Abs.gov.au (2017).3303.0 - Causes of Death, Australia, 2014. [online] Abs.gov.au. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/3303.0~2014~Main%20Features~Dementia,%20including%20Alzheimer%20disease%20(F01,%20F03,%20G30)~10040 [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Aihw.gov.au (2017).Palliative care services in Australia (AIHW). [online] Aihw.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/palliative-care/ [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Brody, A.A., 2016. Dementia palliative care. InDementia Care(pp. 247-260). Springer International Publishing. C Chandler, R., MG Zwakhalen, S., Docking, R., Bruneau, B. and Schofield, P., 2017. Attitudinal knowledge barriers towards effective pain assessment management in dementia: a narrative synthesis.Current Alzheimer Research,14(5), pp.523-537. Chenery, H.J., Atay, C., Campbell, A., Conway, E., Angus, D. and Wiles, J., 2016. Using technology to enhance communication between people with dementia and their carers.Alzheimer's Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association,12(7), pp.P279-P280. Dowling, M., Dempsey, L., Larkin, P. and Murphy, K., 2015. The unmet palliative care needs of those dying with dementia.International journal of palliative nursing. Dyer, S.M., Laver, K., Pond, C.D., Cumming, R.G., Whitehead, C. and Crotty, M., 2016. Clinical practice guidelines and principles of care for people with dementia in Australia.Australian family physician,45(12), p.884. Hadjistavropoulos, T., Herr, K., Prkachin, K.M., Craig, K.D., Gibson, S.J., Lukas, A. and Smith, J.H., 2014. Pain assessment in elderly adults with dementia.The Lancet Neurology,13(12), pp.1216-1227. Health.gov.au (2017).Department of Health | National Palliative Care Projects. [online] Health.gov.au. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/palliativecare-program.htm [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Jansen, B.D.W., Brazil, K., Passmore, P., Buchanan, H., Maxwell, D., McIlfatrick, S.J., Morgan, S.M., Watson, M. and Parsons, C., 2017. Exploring healthcare assistants role and experience in pain assessment and management for people with advanced dementia towards the end of life: a qualitative study.BMC palliative care,16(1), p.6. King, J., Goeman, D. and Koch, S., 2015. Dementia care in the community: Access for culturally and linguistically diverse communities.Alzheimer's Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association,11(7), p.P581. Lee, E.E., Chang, B., Huege, S. and Hirst, J., 2017. A Complex Clinical Intersection: Palliative Care in Patients with Dementia.The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. Luckett, T., Chenoweth, L., Phillips, J., Brooks, D., Cook, J., Mitchell, G., Pond, D., Davidson, P.M., Beattie, E., Luscombe, G. and Goodall, S., 2017. A facilitated approach to family case conferencing for people with advanced dementia living in nursing homes: perceptions of palliative care planning coordinators and other health professionals in the IDEAL study.International Psychogeriatrics, pp.1-10. McIlfatrick, S., 2015. Palliative care in dementia: literature review of nurses knowledge and attitudes towards pain assessment.International journal of palliative nursing,21(8), pp.400-407. OShea, E., Timmons, S., Kennelly, S., Sin, A.D., Gallagher, P. and ONeill, D., 2015. Symptom Assessment for a Palliative Care Approach in People With Dementia Admitted to Acute Hospitals: Results From a National Audit.Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology,28(4), pp.255-259. Reinhardt, J.P., Chichin, E., Posner, L. and Kassabian, S., 2014. Vital conversations with family in the nursing home: preparation for end-stage dementia care.Journal of social work in end-of-life palliative care,10(2), pp.112-126. Rexach, L., 2012. Palliative care in dementia.European Geriatric Medicine,3(2), pp.131-140. Robinson, A., Eccleston, C., Annear, M., Elliott, K.E., Andrews, S., Stirling, C., Ashby, M., Donohue, C., Banks, S., Toye, C. and McInerney, F., 2014. Who knows, who cares? Dementia knowledge among nurses, care workers, and family members of people living with dementia.Journal of Palliative Care,30(3), pp.158-165. Tan, E.C., Visvanathan, R., Hilmer, S.N., Vitry, A.I., Quirke, T., Emery, T., Robson, L., Shortt, T., Sheldrick, S., Clothier, R. and Reeve, E., 2014. Analgesic use, pain and daytime sedation in people with and without dementia in aged care facilities: a cross-sectional, multisite, epidemiological study protocol.BMJ open,4(6), p.e005757. World Health Organization (2017).Dementia. [online] World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/ [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Xiao, L.D., Wang, J., He, G.P., De Bellis, A., Verbeeck, J. and Kyriazopoulos, H., 2014. Family caregiver challenges in dementia care in Australia and China: a critical perspective.BMC geriatrics,14(1), p.6.

Characters in Wuthering Essay Example

Characters in Wuthering Essay Chapters 1-3 1. Why does Mr. Lockwood go to Wuthering Heights? What kind of welcome does he receive? 2. Why does Lockwood return to Wuthering Heights uninvited, and how do the results of his visit affect the remainder of the novel? 3. When Lockwood first enters Wuthering Heights, who lives there? 4. What feeling do we get from Wuthering Heights and its occupants in these first few chapters? 5. Describe Heathcliff. 6. What glimpses from the past does Lockwood get when he discovers Catherines books? 7. Whose ghost visits Mr. Lockwood? What is Heathcliffs reaction to the ghost? B) Chapters 4-8 . Who is Nelly Dean? 2. What do the gifts that Hindley and Catherine ask their father to bring them reveal about their characters? 3. What are Heathcliffs origins? 4. Why does Hindley despise Heathcliff? 5. Characterize Catherine. 6. Compare and contrast Catherines and Heathcliffs reactions to the Lintons at Thrushcross Grange. 7. Why did Edgar get applesauce dumped on him? 8. Catherine is pained by Hindleys punishment of Heathcliff, yet she continues to entertain her guests. What change does this reveal? 9. What does Heathcliff begin to plan? 10. Who is Hareton Earnshaw? 11.How does Frances death affect Hindley? 12. Edgar gets a good look at Catherines other side. What is his reaction? C) Chapters 9-10 1. Who saves Haretons life? 2. Why does Catherine accept Edgars proposal when she knows Heathcliff is a part of her soul? 3. Why does Heathcliff disappear? 4. How has Heathcliff changed during his absence of three years? 5. Who is Isabella, and what does she think of Heathcliff? 6. How does Heathcliff begin his revenge on Hindley (and ultimately gain control of his land)? D) Chapters 11-13 1. Describe Hareton Earnshaw as a boy. 2. Why does Heathcliff embrace Isabella? 3.Why does Catherine put herself into a fit? 4. For what does Catherine wish in her delirium? 5. What happened to Isabellas springer? 6. How does Edgar react to Isabellas running away with Heathcliff? 7. What k ind of a reception does Isabella receive at Wuthering Heights? 8. What does Isabella want of Nelly? E) Chapters 14-17 1. Describe Heathcliffs relationship with Isabella. 2. Why does Nelly agree to take Heathcliffs letter to Catherine? 3. Describe the relationship between Heathcliff and Catherine. 4. What does Heathcliff plead for from Catherine? 5. Why does Edgar bury Catherine away from the family? . Isabella hates Heathcliff and yet she warns him that Hindley has a gun and means to shoot him. Why? 7. What is Hareton doing when Isabella escapes? 8. Who is Linton? 9. Compare and contrast the way Hindley and Edgar handle losing their spouses and rearing their children. 10. Upon Hindleys death, who owns Wuthering Heights, and how? F) Chapters 18-21 1. Describe Cathys first meeting with Hareton. 2. Describe Linton Heathcliff. 3. Why does Heathcliff want Linton? 4. Why does Heathcliff feel an affection for Hareton? 5. Why does Nelly cut off the love letters between Cathy and Linton?G) C hapters 22-26 1. How does Heathcliff get Cathy to visit Linton? 2. Linton is not very likable. Why do you think Cathy cares for him? 3. Compare the relationships among Heathcliff, Catherine, and Edgar to the relationships between Hareton, Cathy, and Linton. 4. Where do Cathy and Linton meet? 5. Why does Heathcliff want Cathy and Linton to marry? H) Chapters 27-30 1. Why is it necessary for Heathcliff to kidnap Cathy and Nelly? 2. Why does Linton help Cathy escape to see her father? 3. How has Heathcliff arranged to finally be with Catherine? 4. After Linton dies, what is left for Cathy?I) Chapters 31-34 1. Why is Hareton trying to learn to read? 2. Heathcliff abuses Hareton and tries to see Hindley in his features, but who does he really see? 3. How has Wuthering Heights changed in Mr. Lockwoods absence? 4. How did Heathcliff change towards the end? 5. How is Heathcliffs death like Catherines? 6. How is the bitterness and hatred in the story finally overcome? A) Chapters 1-3 1. Why does Mr. Lockwood go to Wuthering Heights? What kind of welcome does he receive? He is looking for solitude. Mr. Heathcliff and all of the residents at Wuthering Heights treat him rudely. 2.Why does Lockwood return to Wuthering Heights uninvited, and how do the results of his visit affect the remainder of the novel? The house has piqued his curiosity. He wants to get to know his landlord/neighbors; 3. When Lockwood first enters Wuthering Heights, who lives there? Heathcliff (the landlord), his daughter-in-law (Catherine), Hareton Earnshaw, Joseph ; Zilla. 4. What feeling do we get from Wuthering Heights and its occupants in these first few chapters? Wuthering Heights (and its occupants) are sulky, cold, and dark. We get a feeling of oppression and depression. 5. Describe Heathcliff.He is dark, like a gypsy, with black eyes. He is handsome and dresses somewhat like a gentleman, yet he is sullen, short-tempered, and very reserved. It is obvious that he does not welcome visitors and do es not like the people with whom he lives. 6. What glimpses from the past does Lockwood get from Catherines books? First he learns of Catherine Earnshaws existence and her friendship and fondness for Heathcliff. He also learns of Catherines brother Hindley who resents Heathcliff and is cruel to him. We are also introduced to Hindley, Catherine’s older brother, and his wife, Frances. 7. Whose ghost visits Mr.Lockwood? What is Heathcliffs reaction to the ghost? Catherines ghost appears to him. When Heathcliff hears of the ghost (and he has time alone), he goes into a sorrowful fit. 8. How reliable is Lockwood’s account of Catherine’s ghost? Lockwood was half asleep when the ghost appears. It is possible he has had an intense vision as part of the dream. On the other hand, it seems likely that Charlotte Bronte would have wanted her readers to believe in the existence of this ghost. Chapters 4-8 1. Who is Nelly Dean? After Lockwood returns home (after his second vis it) in wintry weather, he becomes ill.This sets up his long time spent sitting quietly listening to Nelly tell the story of the Lintons, Earnshaws, and Heathcliff to Mr. Lockwood. Nelly is the house servant for Mr. Lockwood (formerly housekeeper at Wuthering Heights). 2. What do the gifts that Hindley and Catherine ask their father to bring them reveal about their characters? Hindley asks for a fiddle, suggesting he has more of an artists personality. Catherine wants a whip. She appears to be the more robust of the two. 3. What are Heathcliffs origins? Mr. Earnshaw found him ragged and starving on the streets of Liverpool and decided to adopt him. . Why does Hindley despise Heathcliff? He dislikes Heathcliff because Mr. Earnshaw clearly favors Heathcliff over Hindley. 5. Characterize Catherine. She is very much her own master. She teases and provokes her entire family with a pretended lack of respect. She adores Heathcliff, is vulgar to her father, and yet appears to be not actually malicious but high-strung and too carefree. 6. Compare and contrast Catherines and Heathcliffs reactions to the Lintons at Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff is disgusted by the Lintons.Catherine takes a liking to their elegant style of living. 7. Why did Edgar et applesauce dumped on him? His comment about Heathcliffs hair puts Heathcliff in a temper. 8. Catherine is pained by Hindleys punishment of Heathcliff, yet she continues to entertain her guests. What change does this reveal? She loves Heathcliff and worries about him, but she is strongly drawn to the Lintons and their lifestyle. 9. What does Heathcliff begin to plan? He begins to plan his revenge on Hindley. 10. Who is Hareton Earnshaw? Hareton is the son of Hindley and Frances Earnshaw. 11. How does Frances death affect Hindley? Hindley becomes more cruel and despondent. He turns to excessive drinking. 2. Edgar gets a good look at Catherines other side. What is his reaction? He is horrified at her cruelty and blatant lying, yet his attraction to her and her weeping cause him to return and stay for a visit. C) Chapters 9-10 1. Who saves Haretons life? After Hindley drops Hareton, Heathcliff catches him, saving his life. 2. Why does Catherine accept Edgars proposal when she knows Heathcliff is a part of her soul? She is proud and seduced by the money and power of a marriage to Edgar and deludes herself into thinking it will put her in a position to help Heathcliff. 3. Why does Heathcliff disappear?Catherine hurts his feelings by saying it would degrade her to marry him, so he leaves (although this is not all that she says). 4. How has Heathcliff changed during his absence of three years? His appearance and manners are greatly improved, and he seems to be better educated. Underneath his new appearance, though, his hatreds are more intense and his emotions are more cruel. 5. Who is Isabella, and what does she think of Heathcliff? Isabella is Edgars sister, a Linton. She has taken a fancy to Heathcliff, thi nking his brutish exterior masks softer sentiments, which her love will free. 6.How does Heathcliff begin his revenge on Hindley (and ultimately gain control of his land)? While living at Wuthering Heights, he plays cards with Hindleyand beats him badly, winning great debts from Hindley. (Eventually, this is how he gains control of Wuthering Heights. ) D) Chapters 11-13 1. Describe Hareton Earnshaw as a boy. Hareton is growing up wild. He has no education and has the worst possible examples of humanity to follow. 2. Why does Heathcliff embrace Isabella? He does not love or even like her, but he sees an opportunity to hurt Edgar through her. 3. Why does Catherine put herself into a fit?She wants both Edgar and Heathcliff for herself. She cannot reconcile them nor stop Heathcliff from courting† Isabella. Thus, her power over everyone is diminishing. Her violent passions cause her to have a fit and lock herself in her room for days. 4. For what does Catherine wish in her delirium ? She wishes that she were a young wild girl living at Wuthering Heights as she used to be and that Heathcliff would join her in her grave. 5. What happened to Isabellas Springer? Heathcliff tied it up so it would not bark at or follow him and Isabella. 6. How does Edgar react to Isabellas running away with Heathcliff?He will have no further contact with her as she has now disowned her family in his eyes. 7. What kind of reception does Isabella receive at Wuthering Heights? She is cursed at by Hareton who threatens to set the dogs on her. The rest of the household alternately ignore and curse her. Heathcliff disappears and leaves her to fend for herself. 8. What does Isabella want of Nelly? She wants Nelly to come visit her and bring some message from Edgar. E) Chapters 14-17 1. Describe Heathcliffs relationship with Isabella. He despises her; he thinks she is a fool for marrying him. 2.Why does Nelly agree to take Heathcliffs letter to Catherine? She thinks it will cause less harm than Heathcliffs trying to see Catherine and having to fight Edgar. 3. Describe the relationship between Heathcliff and Catherine. They love and torment each other. She accuses him of leaving her and he accuses her of leaving him for a brief fancy for Edgar. Both feel they cannot live without the other and will only find peace in the grave. Yet Heathcliff also feels a passionate hatred toward her for breaking her own heart and thereby his and leaving him to live in a hell after she dies. . For what does Heathcliff plead from Catherine? He pleads for her ghost to haunt him. 5. Why does Edgar bury Catherine away from the family? He wants her to be near the moors she loved. 6. Isabella hates Heathcliff and yet she warns him that Hindley has a gun and means to shoot him. Why? Although she wishes him dead, Isabella cannot be a party to cold-blooded murder. She probably wouldnt object to a fair fight between the two, but murder would not do. 7. What is Hareton doing when Isabella escapes? He is hanging a litter of puppies. His character is shown as distorted and cruel. 8.Who is Linton? Linton is the son of Isabella and Heathcliff. 9. Compare and contrast the way Hindley and Edgar handle losing their spouses and rearing their children. Hindley turns to gambling and drinking when Frances dies. He abuses Hareton to the point of allowing him to be reared almost like a savage. Edgar mourns Catherine yet recovers to lavish love on their daughter Cathy. 10. Upon Hindleys death, who owns Wuthering Heights, and how? Heathcliff holds the mortgages on Wuthering Heights and therefore owns the property. F) Chapters 18-21 1. Describe Cathys first meeting with Hareton.Their dogs get into a fight in front of Wuthering Heights when Cathy is on her secret journey to the Peniston Crags. They appear quite pleased with each other until Cathy calls him a servant, gives him an order, and refuses to believe he is her cousin. 2. Describe Linton Heathcliff. He is blond, pale, thin, and appea rs to be a sickly child. 3. Why does Heathcliff want Linton? Linton will be the heir of Thrushcross Grange, and Heathcliff sees an opportunity to get the land for himself through his child. 4. Why does Heathcliff feel affection for Hareton? Hareton is the son Heathcliff wanted.He is strong, wild and full of spirit, unlike sickly Linton. 5. Why does Nelly cut off the love letters between Cathy and Linton? She fears Heathcliffs plan that they will marry. Nelly knows better than anyone how dangerous Heathcliff is, and she wants to protect Cathy. G) Chapters 22-26 1. How does Heathcliff get Cathy to visit Linton? He appeals to her pity and sensitivity concerning Lintons loneliness and broken heart. 2. Linton is not very likable. Why do you think Cathy cares for him? Although he is selfish, miserable, and sickly, he is the only person around who is her own age and class.Also, Cathy does have a heart; she pities him. 3. Compare the relationships among Heathcliff, Catherine, and Edgar to t he relationships between Hareton, Cathy, and Linton. Cathy loves Linton and scorns Hareton as a brute, much as Catherine loved Edgar and scorned Heathcliffs bad manners. Cathys love for Linton is actually pity, and we know she finds Hareton physically attractive, if vulgar. It is obvious that Hareton is attracted to Cathy; he tries to improve himself and has become jealous of Linton, as Heathcliff improved himself and was jealous of Edgar. 4. Where do Cathy and Linton meet?They only meet on the moors because each is forbidden to go to the others household. 5. Why does Heathcliff want Cathy and Linton to marry? It is through their union and Lintons early death that he will control Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grangethe family fortunes of both of his enemies. H) Chapters 27-30 1. Why is it necessary for Heathcliff to kidnap Cathy and Nelly? He must get Cathy married to Linton before Edgar dies, in order to have his full revenge. 2. Why does Linton help Cathy escape to see her fat her? He is tired of her cryingand perhaps he feels some pity for her. 3.How has Heathcliff arranged to finally be with Catherine? He has bribed the gravedigger to remove the near sides of their coffins so that their dust may mingle. 4. After Linton dies, what is left for Cathy? She has no money and is a prisoner at Wuthering Heights. I) Chapters 31-34 1. Why is Hareton trying to learn to read? He wants to win Cathys approval. 2. Heathcliff abuses Hareton and tries to see Hindley in his features, but who does he really see? He keeps seeing Catherine in him. 3. How has Wuthering Heights changed in Mr. Lockwoods absence? The gates and windows are unlocked and the house has a cheerful air.Cathy and Hareton are obviously in love with each other, and Heathcliff has died. 4. How did Heathcliff change towards the end? He lost his will for revenge. He became absorbed in Catherines spirit and longed only to be with her. He forgot the earthly needs or desires he had. 5. How is Heathcliffs deat h like Catherines? They both fasted before they died, and they both seemed to already be a part of the world to which they were going. 6. How is the bitterness and hatred in the story finally overcome? The bitterness and hatred is overcome by the love of Cathy and Hareton. The two houses are united and happy once more.

Relations between Indians and English settlers essays

Relations between Indians and English settlers essays Ever since the development of the Roanoke colony in 1585, the relationship between the English settlers and the Native Americans has always been unstable and dangerous. Native Americans would originally consider becoming allies with the new intruders, yet as time went on; a war would emerge between Native Americans and the English settlers as to control the land. This course of action -initially trying to be friends, and eventually ending up being archenemies- gives the impression of being the basic prototype that existed in the New World. One of the best examples to demonstrate the tensions that existed among the English settlers and the Indians is the settlers clash with the Powhatan tribe. When the English landed in Jamestown in 1607, the dominant tribe of the area was the Powhatan, which was named so after the tribes leader, Chief Powhatan. At first, the Powhatan thought that these new intruders might be able to aid them in their struggle for land and power over the other tribes in the area. However, such optimism in hopes of becoming allies vanished as English settlers ran out of food and started to steal and take food from the Native Americans. In 1610, any notion of alliance between the Powhatan and the Virginia settlers was instantaneously revoked when Lord De La Warr arrived with a declaration of war against all Indians in the Jamestown area. Lord De La Warr used his "Irish Tactics" of burning houses and crops and taking prisoners to destroy the Native Americans in what was known as the First Anglo-Powhatan war. A peace treaty was signed, but it only lasted eight years. The Powhatan killed 347 settlers, which lead to the Virginia Company giving orders for "a perpetual war without peace or truce." Although the Powhatan made one more attempt at destroying the Virginians, they were defeated again in the Second Anglo-Powhatan war. The peace treaty of 1646 eliminated all chance of the Powha...

UK islamic funds performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UK islamic funds performance - Essay Example However, despite this permission, the development of Islamic banking sector could not take place and it was only during 20th century that it started to take its roots. It was only after some Middle Eastern countries took the lead when this sector started to develop. The real development of this sector started in later years of last century when countries like Malaysia started a parallel Islamic Banking system focusing on the need for having an alternative system of banking unlike traditional banking system which is based upon usury. UK is , nowadays, also considered as one of the leading markets for the Islamic banking and other financial products. This study therefore focused on the examination of the performance of UK based Islamic mutual funds between the period of 1999-2009 and comparison with the market benchmark. This study also attempted to explore the impact of financial crisis on the Islamic funds and made a comparison of the impact of crisis on other funds also. Some of the research questions probed under this study therefore include the assessment of under and over performance of Islamic funds, an assessment of the riskiness of Islamic funds as well as the key drivers of returns generated by Islamic funds. Different performance measures such as Sharpe Ratio, Jensen’s Alpha, Treynor’s ratio and information ratio were used to assess the performance of the funds. Results indicate that UK Islamic funds perform similarly as the market benchmarks with the exception of few which tend to outperform the performance index. Results also indicate that Islamic funds can serve as effective hedges for the equity investors because of their inherent nature of being risk averse. The overall results therefore indicate that Islamic funds do not offer any abnormal risk adjusted reward to the investors and can only provide good investment opportunity specially during bursting period

Fashion - critical and cultural studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fashion - critical and cultural studies - Essay Example The essay "Fashion - critical and cultural studies" concerns the feminine fashion. The durability and versatility of the corset as a defining garment is almost as astonishing as its continuing appeal. Even after it lost its widespread popularity, the continued use of the corset in Hollywood depictions of the feminine preserved its use, established its historic connotations and illustrated how it symbolized something larger than itself. Contemporary fashion has given the corset a new lease on life as women continue to turn to this garment as a means of identification within the modern world. Although the corset has traditionally been viewed as a symbol of female submission, any intrinsic meaning is subject to wide interpretation. â€Å"What the immediate meaning usually comes from is available imagery, past or present, the suggestive pictures that have pervaded public consciousness and are loaded with shared associations†. The tight-lacing of the 17th and 18th centuries indicat e the degree to which the corset was considered a means of female sexual expression and define ideas of female beauty. Understanding how the corset has been used in Hollywood, revitalized in cult fashions and re-introduced in high fashion illustrates how it can operate to convey female submission and aggressive sexuality depending upon the internal and external factors at play in its design and use within modern fashion. Hollywood and the big name movie producers have employed the corset in any number of ways from the beginning of the industry. The corset was already used in everyday dress when ‘Hollywood’ emerged and it was already a strategic garment in Vaudeville and Broadway. Even then, women craved the fashions they saw on stage depending upon the persona of the actress and the intentions of the wearer. Broadway and Vaudeville star Anna Held is the first great example of the corset as a defining garment of the female character. Most of her fame was not attributed t o her singing voice, but rather to â€Å"her rolling eyes, eighteen inch waist and naughty songs†. As is shown in Figure 1, Held continued the practice of tight-lacing in order to portray an enticing, sexually appealing woman with a tiny waist and accented upper features.

The Vietnam Quagmire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Vietnam Quagmire - Essay Example The war in Vietnam and the involvement of the United States (US) served to teach a very important lesson where foreign relations and policy are concerned. The Vietnam War served to teach America and the rest of the world that one cannot impose their ways and values on other people. This was acerbated by the use of military force by the Americans in an effort to coerce President Diem to adopt American style politics and systems of governance. America engaged itself in the Vietnam War without a clear exit strategy, an aspect that further complicated by the fact that the US did not have a set agenda on what was its end goal or objective in the war (Halberstam 4). These factors contributed to chronic suspicion by the Vietnamese leadership and the people, an aspect that did not improve relations between Americans and the Vietnamese. It led to the continuation of a purposeless war attributed to the loss of senseless and massive casualties for both sides an event that could have been avoide d if America had approached this issue in a different manner. During the Vietnam War the Buddhists in the South of Vietnam played a vital role that was seen as progressive in terms of what the country needed at that time. Buddhism was a popular and widespread religion before the coming of Christianity, and rise to power of a devote Roman Catholic priest saw the discrimination of Buddhist elements both in government and society (Halberstam 7).

Ethical Marketing Strategies in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Ethical Marketing Strategies in the Pharmaceutical Industry Ethical marketing refers to the application of marketing ethics into the marketing process. Ethical marketing generally results in a more socially responsible and culturally sensitive business community. The establishment of marketing ethics has the potential to benefit society as a whole, both in the short- and long-term. Ethical marketing should be part of business ethics in the sense that marketing forms a significant part of any business model. Marketing strategy can be arranged into five categories, (1) Physicians-targeted promotions, (2) direct-to-consumer advertising, (3) unethical recruitment of physicians, (4) researchers conflicts of interest, and (5) data manipulation in clinical trials. Drug companies promotions subconsciously influence physicians prescription patterns. Heavy advertising to consumers results in more prescriptions being written, whether or not the new drug is in the best interests of patients, and therefore strongly correlates with sales increases for the promoted new drug. It has been estimated that pharmaceutical companies spend Rs.7 Billions every year prompting their product to Physician in Pakistan. Although pharmaceutical marketing strategies are primarily directed toward practicing physicians and residents, medical student are targeted as well. The goal of this study is to asses the importance of ethical marketing strategies of pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. A questionnaire is design to assess the attitudes of Doctors and pharmaceutical professionals about pharmaceutical promotion, including the acceptability of receiving various gifts, foreign and local sponsorships, and incentives. In this study, Pharmaceutical market will be direct variable, marketing strategies will be indirect variable where as doctors and Pharmaceutical representatives will be population. The scale will use from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Total 180 Questionnaire will be distributed by the researcher. Rresearcher will elaborate here the different choices of m ethodology that have been adopted in this research paper. Research-findings based on data analysis will be discussed in general and exclusively. Finally conclusions and recommendations will be made accordingly. Problem and Its Background Introduction Mark Twain once remarked: Always try to do the right thing. It will surprise a lot of people. And it will astonish the rest. There has long been a close relationship between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry. It has been estimated that 85-90% of doctors in Pakistan see to pharmaceutical representative. These representatives often visit physician offices to discuss their products, provides free samples, and offer gifts. According to industry estimates, pharmaceutical promotional expenditure in Pakistan amounted to Rs.7 Billions in 2009. Approximately 25% of this amount was spend on detailing to doctors, 4% on hospital detailing, 2% on journal ads, 56% on samples, and 12.5% on direct-to-consumer advertisement. The precision and the worth of drug advertisements has been the subject of debate for more than a century now. According to World Health Organizations (WHO) criteria for medicinal drug promotion, promotion refers to all the informational and convincing activities of manufacturers and distributors, the effect of which is to encourage the prescription, supply, purchase and / or use of medicinal drugs. Drug promotion and marketing make up a very large part of the activities of pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan. For the drug promotion, in addition to other activities, companies usually use the written material supposedly showing all the good and bad aspects about the concerned drug. These advertisements can be highly informative as long as they are critically appraised. However, when these are accepted without any question, can contribute to illogical prescribing. Ideally, drug promotional literature should provide health care professionals with considerable information. However, the information contained in promotional material may be inadequate or altogether inaccurate Undoubtedly, the pharmaceutical promotional activities have powerful influences on prescribing behaviour of the doctors although this influence may be more hidden rather than explicit. Being a member state of the United Nations Organization, efforts to regulate drug promotions in Pakistan were also initiated with the proliferation of the Drug Licensing, Registering and Advertising Rules by the Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan. However, there is no mechanism to monitor the drug promotional campaign by pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan despite the fact that there is enough evidence that logical drug utilization problems are increasingly encountered even in developed countries due to unethical practices of pharmaceutical promotion. Since promotional activities influence the prescribing behaviour of the health care providers, it is of utmost importance to critically analyze the claims made in the promotional material of the drugs. Internationally, aspects of contents in pharmaceutical advertising pertinent to evidence based decision-making have been studied. The extent to which pharmaceutical companies promote the merits of their products and whether such c laims are supported by evidence, has not been studied in Pakistan. The results of the present analytical study show that unethical and biased claims regarding the medicinal products are uncontrolled in Pakistan. These drug promotions influence the prescribing behaviour of the General Practitioners, Consultants thus accounting for one of the potentially major causes of illogical prescription. Pakistan Medical Association has developed Ethical Code of conduct for Doctors and pharmaceutical organizations but are not followed by National companies. All Multinational organizations in Pakistan are following the Pakistan Medical Association (PMA) code of conduct and International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) code of conduct. The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations is the global nonprofit NGO representing the research-based pharmaceutical, biotech and vaccine sectors. All the Multinational pharmaceuticals companies running in Pakistan are members of this NGO and bound to follow the code of ethics. Definition of Construct Ethical Marketing Strategies in pharmaceutical industry are the tools and techniques to sell medicines ethically. The strategy must be such that it doesnt not influence the decision making criteria of doctors. Background Information The researcher is working as Field Manger in Roche Pakistan Ltd since last three and half years. Roche Pakistan Ltd is a member of Halfman La Roche Basel, a Switzerland research based multinational organization that is running its businesses in more than 70 countries of 6 continents of the world. Halfman La Roche started it business in 1886 from Basel Switzerland from multivitamins medicines to new innovative biotechnology products. In 1946 they discovered metabolic and antibiotics product. In 1980, they discovered anxiolitic and psychiatric medicines. In 1990s, they discovered cancer and hepatitis medicines. Now Halfman La Roche Basel has discovered 100 more molecules that are in different phases of clinical trails for different diseases. Roche Pakistan Ltd started its operation in Pakistan in 1982. Initially they imported their products and sell in the Pakistan Market but they started their manufacturing in Pakistan in 2001. Now Roche Pakistan Ltd selling its product in 8 segments in Pakistani pharmaceutical market that are; Hepatitis Cancer Transplant Anaemia Antibiotics Antihypertensive Metabolic Diseases Diagnostic Halfman La Roche is at 4th ranking world wide in pharmaceutical industry and is Market leader in Hepatitis, Cancer, Transplant and Anaemia, Metabolic diseases and Diagnostic. The annual sale is CHF. 49051 Millions grew by 10% and operating profit in 2009 was 15012 Millions that grew by 6%. Roche is invested CHF. 9874 Millions on RD in 2009. The free cash flow in 2009 was 8893 that was 79% more than 2008. The total employee of Roche are 81507. Out of them 80115 are permanent. The Sales contribution is more from US that is 38% than West Europe that is 28%. Since pharmaceutical marketing activities influence the prescribing behaviour of doctors, it is of utmost importance to critically analyze the claims made in the promotional material of the drugs. The extent to which pharmaceutical companies promote the merits of their products and relevant clinical trails provide to doctors are not studied in Pakistan. The results of the present analytical study show that unethical and biased claims regarding the pharmaceutical products are uncontrolled in Pakistan. These drug promotions influence the prescribing behaviour of the General Practitioners, Consultants thus accounting for one of the potentially major causes of illogical prescription. Roche Pakistan Ltd is a Member of IFPMA and PMA and follow their ethical business guidelines to sell its products. Roche Paksitan Ltd is at 6th ranking in Pakistan Pharmaceutical Market and its annual sale is Rs. 5.2 Billions in 2009 in Pakistan. Problem Statement Unethical Marketing strategies effect the prescribing habit of doctors that can lead to serious life threatening results for patients. Research Questions Research Q 1: What Ethical Marketing Strategies formulated for business in pharmaceutical industry? Research Q 2: What type of studies should be formulated? Research Q 3: what are the Marketing strategies that effect the decision making criteria of doctors.? 1.6 Research Objectives To find out the problem associated with unethical marketing strategies in pharmaceutical industry. To enlist the ethical strategies that will not effect the decision making criteria of doctors. Hypothesis Ho: There is no relationship between ethical marketing strategies and unethical marketing strategies. H1: There is relationship between ethical marketing strategies and unethical marketing strategies. Scope and Limitations of Study Scope of the research: As this research will be carried out with in single organization that is Roche Pakistan Ltd, based on the population from the different pharmaceuticals representative and doctors so the targeted low population narrows down the scope of the study. Limitations: Following limitation may also be observed during the research procedure and methodology adopted in collection of data from the resources within the organization: Data will be collected only from those respondent who directly and indirectly involved in the decision making process at different levels. Researcher may lave limited access to all authorities in respondent. Respondent may not responded answer due to tight schedule Respondent may not have proper information about variable and their relationship. respondent personal liking and disliking may create some biasness. Respondent may feel hesitation while attempting to questions Respondent may have personal reservations in responding to some questions relevant to their field or job. As the population under study is lessened to 132 respondent only, hence the scale of the study is restricted. Due to inadequate time, Research may cover and pass influential information only Data will be collected by the researcher himself. It is not possible to cover all variables. Significance of the research The study will explore that how the marketing strategies effect the decision making process of healthcare professionals. This research will also helpful to understand the importance of ethical marketing strategies. It will elaborate the impact of ethical marketing strategies on patients life. Moreover another aspect of this study is to elaborate the significance of ethical pharmaceutical strategies for doctor, pharmaceuticals industry and patients. It will assist to confirm that following the ethical marketing codes in pharmaceutical industry not only save the cost of patients but also life. It will also increase the moral and dignity of doctors also. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Ethical marketing is the application of marketing ethics into the marketing process (Patrick, 2005). Ethical marketing generally results in a more socially responsible and culturally responsive business community (Eugene, 1978). Pharmaceutical strategy can be arranged into five categories (Brownlee, April 2004). Heavy pharmaceuticfal promotional activities to doctors results in more prescriptions being written (Elliott, Oct 2004). It has been estimated that 85-90% of doctors in Pakistan see to pharmaceutical representative (Gutknecht, 2001). pharmaceutical promotional expenditure in Pakistan amounted to Rs.7 Billions in 2009 (Gutknecht, 2001). (WHO) criteria for medicinal drug promotion, Marketing Strategies by Pharmaceutical companies is to encourage the prescription, supply, purchase and / or use of medical drugs, (WHO 33rd World Health Assembly, May 1986). The pharmaceutical promotional activities have powerful influences on prescribing behaviour of the doctors although this influence may be more hidden rather than explicit. (Lexchin, 1999). There is no mechanism to monitor the drug promotional campaign by pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan (Lober, 1993). Pakistan Medical Association has developed Ethical Code of conduct for Doctors and pharmaceutical organizations (www.jpma.gov.pk). International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) has developed code of conduct for pharmaceutical organizations. (www.ifpma.org). The strategy must be such that it doesnt not influence the decision making criteria of doctors. (Lober, 1993). Roche Pakistan Ltd is a member of Halfman La Roche Basel (www.roche.com). The annual sale of Roche is CHF. 49051 Millions and operating profit in 2009 was 15012 Millions. Roche is invested CHF. 9874 Millions on RD in 2009. (www.roche.com). In 2002, the pharmaceutical industry spent $15.63 billion on promotions, which include free office supplies, all-expenses-paid events, sales representatives, and awards to physicians (Parker, 2003). A 10-year study of internists at seven university hospitals, published in 1990, found that frequent contact with sales representatives also changed prescription practice (Israel, 2003). New drugs are not time tested; their long-term effects are unknown; many patients who can be just as effectively treated with less expensive, older drugs are risking their health when using newer drugs (Elliott, 2004). Dr. Drummond Rennie, Deputy Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, stated, I suppose I had about 20 at one time (Spears, 2003,). Brett and Colleagues found that physicians make distinction about the ethical acceptability of drug company gifts ( Brett, 2003). Drug information provided by pharmaceutical representative and drug advertisements are inaccurate ( Wilkes, 1992). Medical practitioners are dependent on the pharmaceutical industry for much of their drug information in Pakistan (Ahmad,1990). Unethical practices regarding the medicinal drug promotion are uncontrolled in Pakistan and it is suggested that physicians should be careful and decisive in assessment of advertised claims of greater efficacy, safety or convenience made by the pharmaceutical companies (Ahmad, 1990). Gifts DinnerNetwork Diagram Samples Pharmaceutical Market Doctors à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ International Trip Clinical Trails Cash Chapter 3 Research Methodology In order to answer the research questions mentioned in chapter 1, researcher will elaborate here the different choices of methodology that have been adopted in this research paper. For historical viewpoint, I will conduct a Qualitative (content based) study of the previous researches on the role ethical marketing strategies in pharmaceutical industry. For present view, I will conduct a Quantitative (based on survey) analysis. 3.1 Population In the given research study, the population will be all employees of Roche Pakistan Ltd, Doctors of Medical Unit Sir Gangaram Hospital Lahore. 3.2 Sample The sample will consist of both males and females, Seniors and Juniors Doctors, pharmaceutical representative. According to the designations of the respondents their qualifications, professional experience, age will vary. 3.3 Sampling Technique/Strategy: In order to select the sample from the target population i.e. Roche Pakistan Ltd, Sir Gangaram Hospital Lahore, Non-Probability Convenience (purposive) sampling technique will be used. 3.4 Sample Size For the present study sample size will consist of 132 respondents (Pharmaceutical Representative, Doctors and Chemist). 3.5 Survey Instrument A questionnaire (English language) will be designed to collect the required Information. All the questions will be close-ended. A Cover letter to highlight the purpose of the study and instructions to fill the questionnaire, and a Demographic Data Sheet will be prepared and attached with the Questionnaire as well. 3.6 Data Collection The data for the proposed study will be collected through sell-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire will be circulated, explained and collected by the researcher himself. The questionnaire will be based on Likert Scale and will have five levels of responses against every question from the respondent. Since the company contains different hierarchies of employees and management so the respondents will be categories and manipulated accordingly. The five levels of responses will be: 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Undecided/ Neutral 4. Disagree 5. Strongly Disagree 3.7 Pre-Testing Before the full scale administration of the questionnaire it will also be pre-tested on a  very small segment of the population (10-15 respondents) so that any ambiguity in  any question/s can be dealt with. CHAPTER 4 Data Analysis and Interpretation Available research soft ware for social sciences i.e. SPSS. Will be uses for analysis on Data collected for the proposed research study. Statistical and Arithmetical formulae Correlation or Regression will be applied as per demand and need of the study. Statistical tables and graphs / figures will also be obtained / drawn if needed. CHAPTER 5 Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations In order to achieve the basic purposes and objectives of the proposed research study, research-findings based on data analysis will be discussed in general and exclusively. Finally conclusions and recommendations will be made accordingly.

Landfills :: essays research papers fc

It has long been believed that the largest entity brought upon the Earth by humankind is the Pyramid of the Sun, constructed in Mexico around the start of the Christian era. The mammoth structure commands nearly thirty million cubic feet of space. In contrast, however, is the Durham Road Landfill, outside San Francisco, which occupies over seventy million cubic feet of the biosphere. It is a sad monument, indeed, to the excesses of modern society [Gore 151]. One might assume such a monstrous mound of garbage is the largest thing ever produced by human hands. Unhappily, this is not the case. The Fresh Kills Landfill, located on Staten Island, is the largest landfill in the world. It sports an elevation of 155 feet, an estimated mass of 100 million tons, and a volume of 2.9 billion cubic feet. In total acreage, it is equal to 16,000 baseball diamonds [Miller 526]. By the year 2005, when the landfill is projected to close, its elevation will reach 505 feet above sea level, making it the highest point along the Eastern Seaboard, Florida to Maine. At that height, the mound will constitute a hazard to air traffic at Newark airport [Rathje 3-4]. Fresh Kills (Kills is from the Dutch word for creek) was originally a tidal marsh. In 1948, New York City planner Robert Moses developed a highly praised project to deposit municipal garbage in the swamp until the level of the land was above sea level. A study of the area predicted the marsh would be filled by the year 1968. He then planned to develop the area, building houses and attracting light industry. Mayor Impelliteri issued a report titled "The Fresh Kills Landfill Project" in 1951. The report stated, in part, that the enterprise "cannot fail to affect constructively a wide area around it." The report ended by stating, "It is at once practical and idealistic" [Rathje 4]. One must appreciate the irony in the fact that Robert Moses was, in his day, considered a leading conservationist. His major accomplishments include asphalt parking lots throughout the New York metro area, paved roads in and out of city parks, and development of Jones Beach, now the most polluted, dirty, overcrowded piece of shoreline in the Northeast. In Stewart Udall's book The Quiet Crisis, the former Secretary of the Interior lavishes praise on Moses. The JFK cabinet member calls Jones Beach "an imaginative solution ... (the) supreme answer to the ever-present problems of overcrowding" [Udall 163-4]. JFK's introduction to the book provides this foreboding passage: "Each generation must deal anew with the raiders, with the scramble to use public resources for private profit, and

How far do you agree that Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice is no more than an entertaining study of the surface of polite society?

In ‘Pride and Prejudice there certainly is a great deal of comedy, and will appeal to many readers for what Claire Tomalin calls ‘its good-humoured comedy, its sunny heroine, its dream denouement'. The two main characters appear to be part of what Vivien Jones calls a typical ‘rags-to-riches love story', maintaining happiness after a series of vicissitudes, which might incline readers to think it rather superficial. The critic talks about the surface trivia of Austen's society, which seems to comprise only of balls, scarlet coats and Muslin gowns, but she probes beneath the surface of her society, and concerns herself with the real confinement of the lives of women in her period. Jane Austen explores how women were victims of a patriarchal society, by presenting the unfairness of the entail. She presents Mr. Collins as a fool, by bluntly stating through the critical objective narrative that he ‘was not a sensible man'. By this we see that it is ridiculous that such an imbecile should be able to turn out the two rational sisters Jane and Elizabeth from their own home, since should they not be married they could be facing the same options as Jane Fairfax in Austen's ‘Emma', left to ‘the governess trade', with it's sinister echo of ‘the slave trade'. Also, and perhaps more importantly, she explores not only how women were victims in society, but through Wickham how they were powerless, direct victims of men. The unsettling story of him and Georgiana Darcy shows women as quite powerless, as he exploited her innocence and memory, because ‘her affectionate heart retained a strong impression of his kindness to her as a child'. Her guardians would have been her only protection at Ramsgate, and even they could not be trusted, as the scheme was ‘undoubtably by design' of Mrs. Younge, its evil epitomized by the calculation of the scheme to force Georgiana into the lifelong trap of marriage. Georgiana was only fifteen, and the story line of the serial philanderer Mr. Wickham exposes a very dark and therefore much deeper side to the novel, as he moves next onto Miss King with her i10,000 fortune, then finally onto 16 year old Lydia whom he also sets out to ruin. Much unlike the typical villain of a ‘surface' comedy Wickham learns no lesson, after Georgiana's distress seeming not have developed any moral scruple as he continues to prey on young girls leaving A. G. Sulloway to conc lude ‘Wickham is not capable of moral learning'. As he sets out to ruin Lydia, much echoing Austen's Frederick Tilney of ‘Northanger Abbey' with his treatment of Isabella Thorpe, he puts her whole family's reputation in danger. Had he succeeded their fates would certainly have looked bleak, which relates ‘Pride and Prejudice' to David Diaches' observation that Austen's ‘novel's are usually described as social comedies, but the fact is that some come close to tragedy†¦ ‘, and in fact, though it did end with the best case scenario for Lydia, she was left to spend her life trapped in a loveless marriage, as ‘his affection for her soon sunk into indifference'. Mr Collins proves there are much more to even the comic characters than their surface politeness. His language in his letter revealed him to be pompous, clearly vein and a snob as he boasts of his connection to Lady Catherine, proudly declaring ‘it shall be my earnest endeavour to demean myself with grateful respect towards her ladyship', and his platitudes of wishing ‘to heal the breach', offer ‘an olive branch' and establish the blessing of peace in all families' reveal his vanity. His roe as a comical figure come through as Austen treats him with scathing irony, especially when exposing his sycophancy as the first thing he is reported of saying in the novel is that ‘he had heard much of their [the Bennet sisters'] beauty, but †¦ ame had fallen short of the truth'. Austen tells us ‘this gallantry was not much to the taste of some of his readers', highlighting his obsequiency with the objective narrative. However, his proposal to Elizabeth reveals something much crueler and darker beneath this facade. He knows of the importance of money ‘ in a narrow, desperate, feminine world of financial constraint' (Robert Polhemous), he and plays on this by explaining that he would not ask for any money from Mr Bennet, reminding her ‘I am well aware that it could not be complied with'. In the same way Charlotte finds herself in a position of little choice, and because of her little fortune she finds herself forced to marry the fool, as ‘it was the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune'. Jane Austen points out the cruelty of this situation with a scathing tone of criticism of her society, using abstract evaluative language to emphasise her point that ‘however uncertain of giving happiness, [marriage] must be their pleasantest preservative from want'. Once more Collins ceases an opportunity to exploit financial dependency, and Robert Polhemus states that ‘Charlotte's cast must concern anyone who thinks seriously about the history of women', summarising her situation as ‘a kind of socially respectable prostitution'. Mr Bennet's jokes against his wife highlight him also as a comic figure, as from the beginning of the novel we learn that he frequently teases her with amused contempt, as he asks ‘What can be the meaning of that emphatic exclamation? of her distress, knowing perfectly well what is troubling her. There is a dry whit in his characteristically sarcastic tone, and his weapon against her is irony, which on the surface amuses the reader, but there seems something more to him. Later Elizabeth reflects on this, and imbedded within the objective narrative, in the free indirect style offers a careful analysis of Mr Bennet's faults, using abstract nouns to emphasise the rationality of her disapproval of his â₠¬Ëœcontinual breach of conjugal obligation and decorum'. The narrator suggests that where he exposes his wife to ridicule, he should have at least ‘preserved the respectability of his daughters, even if incapable of enlarging the mind of his wife'. Here Austen points to the importance of education, and her serious tone points to the importance of morals in her novel, demonstrated by parents who set no example for their children, leading A. G. Sulloway to go so far as to call them ‘parents who are morally irresponsible towards daughters'. Mrs. Bennet can also make us laugh with her illogical, trivial mind, which Austen reveals to us with her characteristically ironic coloured narrative, as ‘she was more alive to the disgrace, which the want of new clothes must reflect on her daughter's nuptials, than to any sense of shame at her eloping and living with Wickham, a fortnight before they took place'. This also misleads her daughters, as there can be no surprise Lydia ends up, as Robert Polhemus observed ‘a shallow materialist', but her character is worth more to the novel than just a silly woman or bad parent, in fact she also illustrates more serious aspects of the novel, as the situation with the entail leave her struggling to get five daughters married as soon as possible. We almost feel pathos for her with this stress, as immediately we are told ‘the business of her life was to get her daughters married', with the use of the word ‘business' underlining it's necessity. Jane Austen does not only concern herself with marriages which entrap poor or plain girls, but also explores how an individual can receive personal fulfillment. As our protagonist, Vivien Jones sees that Elizabeth ‘believes †¦ n individual happiness as a legitimate goal' in marriage, and this leads her to refuse two proposals before obtaining enough evidence that it is right for her to settle with one man. Henry Tilney of Jane Austen's ‘Northanger Abbey' said ‘Man has the advantage of choice, women only the power of refusal', and exerting this power came completely unexpectedly to Mr. Collins, whom believed she did ‘secretly mean to accept', Mr Darcy, who we are told ‘had no doubt of a favourable answer'. Elizabeth insists in both cases this because of a lack of ‘desire', proving her search for a husband also one for rational happiness, an idea which Austen presents as the only way for Claire Tomalin's ‘dream denouement'. To gain happiness he also demonstrated a eveloement throughout the novel, as he was educated from pride and prejudice to his own rational happiness. This is demonstrated as he goes from seeing her family connections as a ‘degradation' to allowing Mr Gardiner, the Uncle in trade, to become ‘always on the most intimate terms' come the end of the novel. So, through development of morals and search that delves below surface trivialities our protagonists are allowed their happy ending, which is much in contrast to those characters with little choice of few morals. We see that through the use of her comic characters Austen actually demonstrates a much more sinister side to her society, and the constraint felt by women of the time is evidence that she is reporting on much more than just a ‘polite society'.

Protestant Reformation Essays

Protestant Reformation Essays Protestant Reformation Essay Protestant Reformation Essay The Protestant Reformation was considered as the ultimate revolutionary incident in the 16th century. This was the period when the Church occupied the seat of power. Because of the authoritative control over their constituents and their questionable practices, many people became discounted with the situation. As a consequence, they were forced to choose between the traditional Catholic Church or the new concept of Protestant Reformation.Their dissatisfaction was rooted from many flaws of the Church. First, the Church focused on the conduct of rituals which many perceived as an evasion from the Churchs original objective of helping their devotees to attain personal salvation. The Church sacraments became highly ritualized that they were no longer connected with the Europeans. Its meaning and significance have become senseless. Another major reason that induced the Protestant Reformation was the dispossession of the spiritual influence of the Church officials over their people which wa s caused by the manifestation of secularization. More criticisms commenced when popes and other high church officials adapted a king-like lifestyle wherein they lived in luxurious houses and palaces. More so, because of the acquired fortune of the Church, it instigated numerous forms of abuses which was unfortunately executed by representatives of the Church.As a result from all of these, many people have been driven to initiate changes in the doctrines and rituals of the Catholic Church( Kreis, 2006, â€Å"Protestant Reformation†). During the reformation, one man was bold enough to reveal the truth about the misconducts of the Church, he was Martin Luther. His incessant struggle to tell the truth amid constant intimidations and threat from the Church gave him leverage in gaining the interest and trust of the people. Also, he was able to capitalize on the brewing discontent of the Europeans that made it more difficult for the Church to manage and to put a stop on the dissensi on of the people (cited in everythingimportant.org, â€Å"What started the Protestant Reformation?†).;

Definition and Examples of an Indefinite Pronoun

Definition and Examples of an Indefinite Pronoun An indefinite pronoun is a  pronoun that refers to an unspecified or unidentified person or thing. Its vague rather than specific, and it doesnt have an antecedent. Indefinite pronouns include quantifiers (some, any, enough, several, many, much); universals (all, both, every, each); and partitives (any, anyone, anybody, either, neither, no, nobody, some, someone). Many of the indefinite pronouns can function as determiners. Positive indefinite pronouns ending in -body can be interchanged with those that end with -one, such as anybody and anyone. Types of indefinite pronouns fit two categories: those that are made up of two morphemes and are called compound pronouns, such as somebody, and those that are followed by the word of, called  of-pronouns, such as all or many.   Singular Indefinite Pronouns Most indefinite pronouns take singular verbs,  either because they represent one thing or because they are collective, and, like collective nouns, agree with singular verbs and pronouns. For example,   Neither of us is available for the committee.Each member of the family has the flu.Everyone works well together.Someone came into the room looking for her water bottle.Everybody kept the information on the surprise to him or herself.Either option presents its own challenges. The disagreement of the singular collective pronouns with pronouns in the predicate is one of the most common errors in formal, written English because informal, spoken English doesnt always adhere to the rule. In informal speech, someone would likely say, Everybody kept the information on the surprise to themselves, and no one would find a reason to correct the speaker, because the context is clear.   Plural and Variable Pronouns Plural indefinite pronouns take plural verbs. For example: Both of us match the description.  Many were hoping for a better outcome.Few were optimistic about this ballgame. Variable indefinite pronouns (all, any, more, most, none, some)  can go with either a plural or a singular verb, based on what noun theyre talking about. Can you count whats being talked about? Then give it a plural verb. For example, Most employees are getting a raise.  All the ice is gone.Some ice cubes are in that cooler.  Any experience is beneficial to the job.  Some of his sadness practically feels  tangible. Prepositional Phrases Watch out when youve got prepositional phrases separating your subject and your verb. Here, each is the subject of the sentence, not friends,  and so takes a singular verb. Each is always singular. Each of her friends wants a different team to win. When you have a prepositional phrase following a variable pronoun, whats in the phrase does help determine which type of verb youll need. Most of the bricks were loose on that wall.Some of the food was past its expiration date. List of Indefinite Pronouns allanyanybodyanyoneanythingbotheacheachoneeithereitheroneenougheveryeverybodyeveryonefewmanymostmuchneitherneitheronenoonenobodynonenothingseveralsomesomebodysomeonesomething Sources Ron Cowan,  The Teachers Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 2008 Penelope Choy and Dorothy Goldbart Clark,  Basic  Grammar, and Usage, 8th ed. Wadsworth, 2011 Randolph Quirk et al.,  A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman, 1985 Andrea B. Geffner,  Business English: The Writing Skills You Need for Todays Workplace, 5th ed. Barrons, 2010

Landfills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Landfills - Essay Example This paper includes the history and development of property type of landfills in Australia. The story of how the Australian comes up with this method is also discussed in this paper. The development and application of various methods for this property type is also described. This paper shows the comparison of landfills in Australia with other countries such as the USA, Canada and New Zealand. Graphs and tables are included in this study as your reference about landfills in Australia. The management of wastes is an important environmental issue. Some wastes are toxic and can harm living organisms and their disposal is of particular importance. Other wastes, while not directly toxic, can physically harm the environment. Effective maintenance of waste can help us a lot. Landfills were introduced in England in 1912. It was formerly called as the Controlled Tipping and involves natural fermentation brought about by microorganisms. Waste materials or refuse are deposited in shallow layer, compacted and covered within 24 hours with earth or other chemically inert material from an effective seal. (Britannica, 2006). United States of America and New Zealand are among the countries that use landfills and experienced controversy in using landfills as waste management. Below are some details about the history and development of landfills in both countries. United States of America At the end of World War II, urban growth accelerated. With this growth came increased refuse generation. The impacts of open-burning dumps on public health became a concern. Experience in the military with sanitary fill methods and the interests by some local governments in eliminating open dumps led to increased efforts to dispose of refuse in a sanitary manner, but what prescribed a sanitary manner was unknown. Many local governments that bragged about using the "sanitary landfill" method were actually using modified open dumps. The landfill in 1940 was described in a report prepared by the Sanitary Engineering Research Project of the University of California in 1952.1 The landfill studied in 1949 was described as a refuse dropped and spread out over a large to allow scavengers easy access. At the end of day pigs were allowed on the spread-out refuse for overnight feeding. It is in this year that the landfills made their appearance. Most of the landfills were located on former wetlands. This 1 Sanitary Engineering Research Project. "An Analysis of Refuse Collection and Sanitary Landfill Disposal." practice does not take long and was subjected to change because of obvious reasons. Open burning of refuse created air pollution. Allowing the pig to eat raw garbage was not a sanitary . During this time there were no minimum requirements set as to what constituted a sanitary landfill. Like the landfills in Australia, most of the landfills in USA where also subjected to closure because of the following reasons; it can cause air pollution, the leak is unsafe for the residents that surrounds the area, groundwater contamination and others that affect the health of the people. The commitment of the US Public Health Service (USPHS) to provide national leadership to eliminate open-burning dumps and replace them with sanitary landfills also served as the basis for a broader national strategy to improve the management

A two year old child in extended family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A two year old child in extended family - Essay Example Observations of my case study family led me to understand that the meaning of family is an idea that is enacted through a core, stable group of people that is extended through a fluctuating series of others who come in and out of the home. Henry (1996, p. 32) writes that parents can meet the needs of children through mechanisms of secure attachment, but interactions with others through additional secure attachments can actually enhance childhood attachments with parents. Part of the socialization of a child is to create interactions with a variety of people and to help them engage the world (Edgar 1995, p. 5). As much as the intention of observing is to be on the outside of the family, I found that in my experience the intentions of a toddler will override the intentions of the observer and include them in the family process. The study of the family is the study of origins. Studying different families means studying their diverse cultures to see how differences have an influence, if any, on how children develop (Shimoni and Baxter 2008, p. 47). The family that I visited was Muslim and the structure of the family was nuclear with a mother, father, and extended family consisting of the paternal grandmother and grandfather with whom the parents and the child lived. The mother was focused on the activities of the child with the father being unable to be as focused on the development of the child as he was preoccupied with work for most of the time I observed. (Edgar 1995, p. 5).  ... The study of the family is the study of origins. Studying different families means studying their diverse cultures to see how differences have an influence, if any, on how children develop (Shimoni and Baxter 2008, p. 47). The family that I visited was Muslim and the structure of the family was nuclear with a mother, father, and extended family consisting of the paternal grandmother and grandfather with whom the parents and the child lived. The mother was focused on the activities of the child with the father being unable to be as focused on the development of the child as he was preoccupied with work for most of the time I observed. The motherhood ideology has mothers at the centre of reproduction and early childhood interaction (Reiger 1995, p. 48). The grandparents were very involved in the experiences of the child with an almost equal participation. Shimoni and Baxter (2008, p. 48) discuss a study by Wearing who determined that the ideology of motherhood still held that there is a â€Å"legitimate men’s social power and maintain women’s primary responsibility for child-rearing†. The study also determined that women feel that a ‘good’ mother was always available for her children and being a woman and being a good mother were an intermeshed identity. In studying my case study family I found that this framework of motherhood held true. Observing and Interacting One of the problems with observing is maintaining a barrier between the observer and the observed. During the course of my observations I became close with the family as the mother confided in me some of her concerns and the child interacted with me during the course of the observations. Beckett (1988, p. 140) discusses the nature of the

Knowledge Bases and Knowledge Management slp 5 Essay

Knowledge Bases and Knowledge Management slp 5 - Essay Example When we run the report, the real data is recovered and joined together with the format, and after that rendered on our screen, from where we can send out it, print it, or spare it. In this lesson, we figured out how to make a report server extend in SQL Server Data Devices (SSDT). A report server undertaking is utilized to make reports that run on a report server. SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) is a server-based report era programming framework from Microsoft. It is some piece of suite of Microsoft SQL Server services, including SSAS (SQL Server Analysis Services) and SSIS (SQL Server Integration Services). While SSAS empowers clients to develop uncommon databases for quick investigation of a lot of data, keeping in mind SSIS empowers clients to coordinate data from numerous sources outside Microsoft SQL Server databases, SSRS empowers clients to rapidly and effectively produce reports from Microsoft SQL Server databases. The SSRS administration gives an exceptional interface into Microsoft Visual Studio so that engineers and additionally SQL overseers can unite with SQL databases and utilization SSRS instruments to configuration SQL reports in numerous complex ways. SSRS likewise gives a Report Builder instrument for less specialized IT specialists to arrangement SQL reports of lesser intricacy. Managed by means of a web interface, it might be utilized to get ready and convey an assortment of intuitive and printed reports. SSRS rivals Crystal Reports and different business discernment instruments.SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) is a server-based report era programming framework from Microsoft. It is some piece of suite of Microsoft SQL Server services, including SSAS (SQL Server Analysis Services) and SSIS (SQL Server Integration Services). While SSAS empowers clients to develop extraordinary databases for quick examination of a lot of data, keeping in mind SSIS empowers clients to incorporate data from numerous sources

Chapter two - Mississippi schools Essay Example for Free

Chapter two Mississippi schools Essay The following literature focuses on how schools in the Mississippi School district and nationwide are implementing school improvement plans and closing the achievement gap. In School Improvement and Closing the Achievement Gap Report 2003-2004 the accountability of Mississippi Schools past and present is discussed (2004) and Craig Jerald, author of Dispelling the Myth discusses how nationwide high poverty, high minority schools have high achieving students (2001). Both reports will be discussed here. The researcher wanted to know how many high-poverty and high minority schools nationwide have high student performance. The study used the Education Trust Database to identify certain criteria. Over 4500 schools were analyzed. Each meeting the criteria set and performing well above the expectation (2001). Both papers discuss the achievement gap, more importantly they reported the areas of greatest improvement. The Achievement Gap Report (2004) focused on the Mississippi school districts. It gave an accountability report on those school districts that have been struggling, as well as providing a strategic outline to close the gap. Specific schools were used as models of for improving test scores. Dispelling the Myth (Jerald, 2001) focused on school districts nation wide. Although no reasons for poor school performance were given, the author did state that none of the schools were magnet schools. This report showed that most schools with high poverty, high minority students live in urban areas (2001). However, the more recently published Achievement Gap Report (2004) reported that some of the poorest schools are in rural areas. Dispelling the Myth (2001) looked at specific criteria for the study, whereas, the Achievement Gap Report (2004) did not. Both studies failed to look at specific schools and detail specific strategies used in improving the achievement gap. The Mississippi Achievement Gap Report (2004) plan made suggestions on how schools can improve, but a greater detail is needed to truly understand what each school did to improve scores. Model schools or a model program can be established based on greater research. Socioeconomic Influence Literature regarding reading programs was of most interest for this study. Several scientific journals addressed factors of low socioeconomic status and under achievement. The achievement gap found amongst low-income students was addressed in Education: The State We’re In (Donahue Griggs, 2003). Substantial information was given on the obstacles facing high-poverty youth today. Reading proficiency among elementary school students of low-income families are at a disadvantage (2003). When studying low-income fourth graders, the author found that in 2003, across the nation, only fifteen percent are proficient in reading. The authors also demonstrated that the majority of low-income students read about three grades behind non-poor students (2003). Proficiency differences among races were briefly discussed; Similar disparities exist between white students and students of color; 39% of white 4th graders can read at the proficient level compared to only 12 % of African-American students and 14% of Latinos. Overall, about three in ten fourth graders can read proficiently, and this in itself is cause for concern. (2003) Parental Involvement, Instructional Expenditures, Family Socioeconomic Attributes, and Student Achievement (Okpala, et al, 2001). Parental involvement is a commonly discussed approach to establishing higher student achievement. A study done in North Carolina was based on three factors; (a) Instructional supplies expenditures will affect academic achievement positively; (b) the SES of students in a given school, measured by the percentage of students that participate in free/reduced-price lunch programs, will affect student achievement negatively; and (c) parental involvement that is measured by parental volunteer hours per 100 students will influence student achievement positively. These factors were beneficial in understanding the SES influence on successful reading programs. These factors and the results of this particular study will be investigated further throughout this study. Implementing Change A very brief but informative piece, Evidence from Project Star About Class Size and Student Achievement (Folgers Breda, 1989) addressed three specific questions to ask oneself when considering changing programs. The three questions were; 1) How effective will the change be? 2) How much will it cost and 3) what are the problems of implementation? (1989) All three of these questions were found to be valuable when assessing existing programs, as well as when considering the necessary factors when looking to improve upon them. The Gallup Poll (1989 Survey) was reported to have an overwhelming approval from parents when asked about reducing class size. The problem with this strategy is that â€Å"reducing class size substantially is very costly† (1989). A widely researched program investigated during this study was the Accelerated Reader Program. One report (Melton, et. al. , 2004) demonstrated the uses and results of the AR program. By definition the Accelerated Readers program is â€Å"†¦a learning information system designed to heighten student interest in literature and to help teacher manage literature-based reading (McKnight, 1992). This study was particularly significant because it was conducted in two Jackson, Mississippi elementary schools. There has been extensive coverage of the AR program. A 2004 study compared the reading achievement growth of fifth graders following a year of participation in the AR program with other fifth graders who did not participate. The results demonstrated that students in the AR program actually scored significantly lower than non-participants. Although many studies show little to no benefits from the AR program, the program has provided a few guidelines; such guidelines include, 1) Engage students in large amount of reading practice with authentic material 2) students should read at their own individual reading level, and 3) student incentives such as ribbons or extra recess improves the odds of a students success. By using computer technology, teachers can use the AR program to assess students reading level and invite and motivate students to read material they find interesting (Vollands, et al. , 1999). Students are given a choice of books suited to their particular reading level. Random multiple choice tests are given to test students’ comprehension of the material. In a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Dept. of Education) evaluation, AR programs and other computerized reading programs were reviewed (Chenowith, 2001). The lack of research on evaluated programs ability to produce long-term gains in reading achievement caused the National Institute to determine the AR programs did not meet standards (2001). Common complaints of the AR program include, 1) when the program ended, participating students went back to reading less than before participating 2) the AR program limited the choice of books available to a student because certain books that were not accompanied by an AR test were not valid (Chenowith, 2001) and 3) AR encourages children to read for the wrong reasons, for example to win a prize (Carter, 1996). However, as Chenowith (2001) noted, many parents responded to the latter, that it did not matter why students read, as long as they were in fact reading. Topping and Paul (1999) found that with the proper educator training on the AR program, the odds of successful student achievement with the program will improve. Students already in at risk in reading before the AR program will gain positive results when AR is implemented (Vollands, Topping and Evans, 1999). â€Å"Many elementary schools have adopted programs which encourage authentic reading time and aid in the development of reading skills for life (Melton, et al. , 2004). However, little research has been conducted on individual, less costly programs (2004). When studying the effects of the AR program on African American students and white students in Mississippi, black students scored lower (2004).