Characters in Wuthering Essay Example

Characters in Wuthering Essay Chapters 1-3 1. Why does Mr. Lockwood go to Wuthering Heights? What kind of welcome does he receive? 2. Why does Lockwood return to Wuthering Heights uninvited, and how do the results of his visit affect the remainder of the novel? 3. When Lockwood first enters Wuthering Heights, who lives there? 4. What feeling do we get from Wuthering Heights and its occupants in these first few chapters? 5. Describe Heathcliff. 6. What glimpses from the past does Lockwood get when he discovers Catherines books? 7. Whose ghost visits Mr. Lockwood? What is Heathcliffs reaction to the ghost? B) Chapters 4-8 . Who is Nelly Dean? 2. What do the gifts that Hindley and Catherine ask their father to bring them reveal about their characters? 3. What are Heathcliffs origins? 4. Why does Hindley despise Heathcliff? 5. Characterize Catherine. 6. Compare and contrast Catherines and Heathcliffs reactions to the Lintons at Thrushcross Grange. 7. Why did Edgar get applesauce dumped on him? 8. Catherine is pained by Hindleys punishment of Heathcliff, yet she continues to entertain her guests. What change does this reveal? 9. What does Heathcliff begin to plan? 10. Who is Hareton Earnshaw? 11.How does Frances death affect Hindley? 12. Edgar gets a good look at Catherines other side. What is his reaction? C) Chapters 9-10 1. Who saves Haretons life? 2. Why does Catherine accept Edgars proposal when she knows Heathcliff is a part of her soul? 3. Why does Heathcliff disappear? 4. How has Heathcliff changed during his absence of three years? 5. Who is Isabella, and what does she think of Heathcliff? 6. How does Heathcliff begin his revenge on Hindley (and ultimately gain control of his land)? D) Chapters 11-13 1. Describe Hareton Earnshaw as a boy. 2. Why does Heathcliff embrace Isabella? 3.Why does Catherine put herself into a fit? 4. For what does Catherine wish in her delirium? 5. What happened to Isabellas springer? 6. How does Edgar react to Isabellas running away with Heathcliff? 7. What k ind of a reception does Isabella receive at Wuthering Heights? 8. What does Isabella want of Nelly? E) Chapters 14-17 1. Describe Heathcliffs relationship with Isabella. 2. Why does Nelly agree to take Heathcliffs letter to Catherine? 3. Describe the relationship between Heathcliff and Catherine. 4. What does Heathcliff plead for from Catherine? 5. Why does Edgar bury Catherine away from the family? . Isabella hates Heathcliff and yet she warns him that Hindley has a gun and means to shoot him. Why? 7. What is Hareton doing when Isabella escapes? 8. Who is Linton? 9. Compare and contrast the way Hindley and Edgar handle losing their spouses and rearing their children. 10. Upon Hindleys death, who owns Wuthering Heights, and how? F) Chapters 18-21 1. Describe Cathys first meeting with Hareton. 2. Describe Linton Heathcliff. 3. Why does Heathcliff want Linton? 4. Why does Heathcliff feel an affection for Hareton? 5. Why does Nelly cut off the love letters between Cathy and Linton?G) C hapters 22-26 1. How does Heathcliff get Cathy to visit Linton? 2. Linton is not very likable. Why do you think Cathy cares for him? 3. Compare the relationships among Heathcliff, Catherine, and Edgar to the relationships between Hareton, Cathy, and Linton. 4. Where do Cathy and Linton meet? 5. Why does Heathcliff want Cathy and Linton to marry? H) Chapters 27-30 1. Why is it necessary for Heathcliff to kidnap Cathy and Nelly? 2. Why does Linton help Cathy escape to see her father? 3. How has Heathcliff arranged to finally be with Catherine? 4. After Linton dies, what is left for Cathy?I) Chapters 31-34 1. Why is Hareton trying to learn to read? 2. Heathcliff abuses Hareton and tries to see Hindley in his features, but who does he really see? 3. How has Wuthering Heights changed in Mr. Lockwoods absence? 4. How did Heathcliff change towards the end? 5. How is Heathcliffs death like Catherines? 6. How is the bitterness and hatred in the story finally overcome? A) Chapters 1-3 1. Why does Mr. Lockwood go to Wuthering Heights? What kind of welcome does he receive? He is looking for solitude. Mr. Heathcliff and all of the residents at Wuthering Heights treat him rudely. 2.Why does Lockwood return to Wuthering Heights uninvited, and how do the results of his visit affect the remainder of the novel? The house has piqued his curiosity. He wants to get to know his landlord/neighbors; 3. When Lockwood first enters Wuthering Heights, who lives there? Heathcliff (the landlord), his daughter-in-law (Catherine), Hareton Earnshaw, Joseph ; Zilla. 4. What feeling do we get from Wuthering Heights and its occupants in these first few chapters? Wuthering Heights (and its occupants) are sulky, cold, and dark. We get a feeling of oppression and depression. 5. Describe Heathcliff.He is dark, like a gypsy, with black eyes. He is handsome and dresses somewhat like a gentleman, yet he is sullen, short-tempered, and very reserved. It is obvious that he does not welcome visitors and do es not like the people with whom he lives. 6. What glimpses from the past does Lockwood get from Catherines books? First he learns of Catherine Earnshaws existence and her friendship and fondness for Heathcliff. He also learns of Catherines brother Hindley who resents Heathcliff and is cruel to him. We are also introduced to Hindley, Catherine’s older brother, and his wife, Frances. 7. Whose ghost visits Mr.Lockwood? What is Heathcliffs reaction to the ghost? Catherines ghost appears to him. When Heathcliff hears of the ghost (and he has time alone), he goes into a sorrowful fit. 8. How reliable is Lockwood’s account of Catherine’s ghost? Lockwood was half asleep when the ghost appears. It is possible he has had an intense vision as part of the dream. On the other hand, it seems likely that Charlotte Bronte would have wanted her readers to believe in the existence of this ghost. Chapters 4-8 1. Who is Nelly Dean? After Lockwood returns home (after his second vis it) in wintry weather, he becomes ill.This sets up his long time spent sitting quietly listening to Nelly tell the story of the Lintons, Earnshaws, and Heathcliff to Mr. Lockwood. Nelly is the house servant for Mr. Lockwood (formerly housekeeper at Wuthering Heights). 2. What do the gifts that Hindley and Catherine ask their father to bring them reveal about their characters? Hindley asks for a fiddle, suggesting he has more of an artists personality. Catherine wants a whip. She appears to be the more robust of the two. 3. What are Heathcliffs origins? Mr. Earnshaw found him ragged and starving on the streets of Liverpool and decided to adopt him. . Why does Hindley despise Heathcliff? He dislikes Heathcliff because Mr. Earnshaw clearly favors Heathcliff over Hindley. 5. Characterize Catherine. She is very much her own master. She teases and provokes her entire family with a pretended lack of respect. She adores Heathcliff, is vulgar to her father, and yet appears to be not actually malicious but high-strung and too carefree. 6. Compare and contrast Catherines and Heathcliffs reactions to the Lintons at Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff is disgusted by the Lintons.Catherine takes a liking to their elegant style of living. 7. Why did Edgar et applesauce dumped on him? His comment about Heathcliffs hair puts Heathcliff in a temper. 8. Catherine is pained by Hindleys punishment of Heathcliff, yet she continues to entertain her guests. What change does this reveal? She loves Heathcliff and worries about him, but she is strongly drawn to the Lintons and their lifestyle. 9. What does Heathcliff begin to plan? He begins to plan his revenge on Hindley. 10. Who is Hareton Earnshaw? Hareton is the son of Hindley and Frances Earnshaw. 11. How does Frances death affect Hindley? Hindley becomes more cruel and despondent. He turns to excessive drinking. 2. Edgar gets a good look at Catherines other side. What is his reaction? He is horrified at her cruelty and blatant lying, yet his attraction to her and her weeping cause him to return and stay for a visit. C) Chapters 9-10 1. Who saves Haretons life? After Hindley drops Hareton, Heathcliff catches him, saving his life. 2. Why does Catherine accept Edgars proposal when she knows Heathcliff is a part of her soul? She is proud and seduced by the money and power of a marriage to Edgar and deludes herself into thinking it will put her in a position to help Heathcliff. 3. Why does Heathcliff disappear?Catherine hurts his feelings by saying it would degrade her to marry him, so he leaves (although this is not all that she says). 4. How has Heathcliff changed during his absence of three years? His appearance and manners are greatly improved, and he seems to be better educated. Underneath his new appearance, though, his hatreds are more intense and his emotions are more cruel. 5. Who is Isabella, and what does she think of Heathcliff? Isabella is Edgars sister, a Linton. She has taken a fancy to Heathcliff, thi nking his brutish exterior masks softer sentiments, which her love will free. 6.How does Heathcliff begin his revenge on Hindley (and ultimately gain control of his land)? While living at Wuthering Heights, he plays cards with Hindleyand beats him badly, winning great debts from Hindley. (Eventually, this is how he gains control of Wuthering Heights. ) D) Chapters 11-13 1. Describe Hareton Earnshaw as a boy. Hareton is growing up wild. He has no education and has the worst possible examples of humanity to follow. 2. Why does Heathcliff embrace Isabella? He does not love or even like her, but he sees an opportunity to hurt Edgar through her. 3. Why does Catherine put herself into a fit?She wants both Edgar and Heathcliff for herself. She cannot reconcile them nor stop Heathcliff from courting† Isabella. Thus, her power over everyone is diminishing. Her violent passions cause her to have a fit and lock herself in her room for days. 4. For what does Catherine wish in her delirium ? She wishes that she were a young wild girl living at Wuthering Heights as she used to be and that Heathcliff would join her in her grave. 5. What happened to Isabellas Springer? Heathcliff tied it up so it would not bark at or follow him and Isabella. 6. How does Edgar react to Isabellas running away with Heathcliff?He will have no further contact with her as she has now disowned her family in his eyes. 7. What kind of reception does Isabella receive at Wuthering Heights? She is cursed at by Hareton who threatens to set the dogs on her. The rest of the household alternately ignore and curse her. Heathcliff disappears and leaves her to fend for herself. 8. What does Isabella want of Nelly? She wants Nelly to come visit her and bring some message from Edgar. E) Chapters 14-17 1. Describe Heathcliffs relationship with Isabella. He despises her; he thinks she is a fool for marrying him. 2.Why does Nelly agree to take Heathcliffs letter to Catherine? She thinks it will cause less harm than Heathcliffs trying to see Catherine and having to fight Edgar. 3. Describe the relationship between Heathcliff and Catherine. They love and torment each other. She accuses him of leaving her and he accuses her of leaving him for a brief fancy for Edgar. Both feel they cannot live without the other and will only find peace in the grave. Yet Heathcliff also feels a passionate hatred toward her for breaking her own heart and thereby his and leaving him to live in a hell after she dies. . For what does Heathcliff plead from Catherine? He pleads for her ghost to haunt him. 5. Why does Edgar bury Catherine away from the family? He wants her to be near the moors she loved. 6. Isabella hates Heathcliff and yet she warns him that Hindley has a gun and means to shoot him. Why? Although she wishes him dead, Isabella cannot be a party to cold-blooded murder. She probably wouldnt object to a fair fight between the two, but murder would not do. 7. What is Hareton doing when Isabella escapes? He is hanging a litter of puppies. His character is shown as distorted and cruel. 8.Who is Linton? Linton is the son of Isabella and Heathcliff. 9. Compare and contrast the way Hindley and Edgar handle losing their spouses and rearing their children. Hindley turns to gambling and drinking when Frances dies. He abuses Hareton to the point of allowing him to be reared almost like a savage. Edgar mourns Catherine yet recovers to lavish love on their daughter Cathy. 10. Upon Hindleys death, who owns Wuthering Heights, and how? Heathcliff holds the mortgages on Wuthering Heights and therefore owns the property. F) Chapters 18-21 1. Describe Cathys first meeting with Hareton.Their dogs get into a fight in front of Wuthering Heights when Cathy is on her secret journey to the Peniston Crags. They appear quite pleased with each other until Cathy calls him a servant, gives him an order, and refuses to believe he is her cousin. 2. Describe Linton Heathcliff. He is blond, pale, thin, and appea rs to be a sickly child. 3. Why does Heathcliff want Linton? Linton will be the heir of Thrushcross Grange, and Heathcliff sees an opportunity to get the land for himself through his child. 4. Why does Heathcliff feel affection for Hareton? Hareton is the son Heathcliff wanted.He is strong, wild and full of spirit, unlike sickly Linton. 5. Why does Nelly cut off the love letters between Cathy and Linton? She fears Heathcliffs plan that they will marry. Nelly knows better than anyone how dangerous Heathcliff is, and she wants to protect Cathy. G) Chapters 22-26 1. How does Heathcliff get Cathy to visit Linton? He appeals to her pity and sensitivity concerning Lintons loneliness and broken heart. 2. Linton is not very likable. Why do you think Cathy cares for him? Although he is selfish, miserable, and sickly, he is the only person around who is her own age and class.Also, Cathy does have a heart; she pities him. 3. Compare the relationships among Heathcliff, Catherine, and Edgar to t he relationships between Hareton, Cathy, and Linton. Cathy loves Linton and scorns Hareton as a brute, much as Catherine loved Edgar and scorned Heathcliffs bad manners. Cathys love for Linton is actually pity, and we know she finds Hareton physically attractive, if vulgar. It is obvious that Hareton is attracted to Cathy; he tries to improve himself and has become jealous of Linton, as Heathcliff improved himself and was jealous of Edgar. 4. Where do Cathy and Linton meet?They only meet on the moors because each is forbidden to go to the others household. 5. Why does Heathcliff want Cathy and Linton to marry? It is through their union and Lintons early death that he will control Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grangethe family fortunes of both of his enemies. H) Chapters 27-30 1. Why is it necessary for Heathcliff to kidnap Cathy and Nelly? He must get Cathy married to Linton before Edgar dies, in order to have his full revenge. 2. Why does Linton help Cathy escape to see her fat her? He is tired of her cryingand perhaps he feels some pity for her. 3.How has Heathcliff arranged to finally be with Catherine? He has bribed the gravedigger to remove the near sides of their coffins so that their dust may mingle. 4. After Linton dies, what is left for Cathy? She has no money and is a prisoner at Wuthering Heights. I) Chapters 31-34 1. Why is Hareton trying to learn to read? He wants to win Cathys approval. 2. Heathcliff abuses Hareton and tries to see Hindley in his features, but who does he really see? He keeps seeing Catherine in him. 3. How has Wuthering Heights changed in Mr. Lockwoods absence? The gates and windows are unlocked and the house has a cheerful air.Cathy and Hareton are obviously in love with each other, and Heathcliff has died. 4. How did Heathcliff change towards the end? He lost his will for revenge. He became absorbed in Catherines spirit and longed only to be with her. He forgot the earthly needs or desires he had. 5. How is Heathcliffs deat h like Catherines? They both fasted before they died, and they both seemed to already be a part of the world to which they were going. 6. How is the bitterness and hatred in the story finally overcome? The bitterness and hatred is overcome by the love of Cathy and Hareton. The two houses are united and happy once more.

Relations between Indians and English settlers essays

Relations between Indians and English settlers essays Ever since the development of the Roanoke colony in 1585, the relationship between the English settlers and the Native Americans has always been unstable and dangerous. Native Americans would originally consider becoming allies with the new intruders, yet as time went on; a war would emerge between Native Americans and the English settlers as to control the land. This course of action -initially trying to be friends, and eventually ending up being archenemies- gives the impression of being the basic prototype that existed in the New World. One of the best examples to demonstrate the tensions that existed among the English settlers and the Indians is the settlers clash with the Powhatan tribe. When the English landed in Jamestown in 1607, the dominant tribe of the area was the Powhatan, which was named so after the tribes leader, Chief Powhatan. At first, the Powhatan thought that these new intruders might be able to aid them in their struggle for land and power over the other tribes in the area. However, such optimism in hopes of becoming allies vanished as English settlers ran out of food and started to steal and take food from the Native Americans. In 1610, any notion of alliance between the Powhatan and the Virginia settlers was instantaneously revoked when Lord De La Warr arrived with a declaration of war against all Indians in the Jamestown area. Lord De La Warr used his "Irish Tactics" of burning houses and crops and taking prisoners to destroy the Native Americans in what was known as the First Anglo-Powhatan war. A peace treaty was signed, but it only lasted eight years. The Powhatan killed 347 settlers, which lead to the Virginia Company giving orders for "a perpetual war without peace or truce." Although the Powhatan made one more attempt at destroying the Virginians, they were defeated again in the Second Anglo-Powhatan war. The peace treaty of 1646 eliminated all chance of the Powha...

UK islamic funds performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UK islamic funds performance - Essay Example However, despite this permission, the development of Islamic banking sector could not take place and it was only during 20th century that it started to take its roots. It was only after some Middle Eastern countries took the lead when this sector started to develop. The real development of this sector started in later years of last century when countries like Malaysia started a parallel Islamic Banking system focusing on the need for having an alternative system of banking unlike traditional banking system which is based upon usury. UK is , nowadays, also considered as one of the leading markets for the Islamic banking and other financial products. This study therefore focused on the examination of the performance of UK based Islamic mutual funds between the period of 1999-2009 and comparison with the market benchmark. This study also attempted to explore the impact of financial crisis on the Islamic funds and made a comparison of the impact of crisis on other funds also. Some of the research questions probed under this study therefore include the assessment of under and over performance of Islamic funds, an assessment of the riskiness of Islamic funds as well as the key drivers of returns generated by Islamic funds. Different performance measures such as Sharpe Ratio, Jensen’s Alpha, Treynor’s ratio and information ratio were used to assess the performance of the funds. Results indicate that UK Islamic funds perform similarly as the market benchmarks with the exception of few which tend to outperform the performance index. Results also indicate that Islamic funds can serve as effective hedges for the equity investors because of their inherent nature of being risk averse. The overall results therefore indicate that Islamic funds do not offer any abnormal risk adjusted reward to the investors and can only provide good investment opportunity specially during bursting period

Fashion - critical and cultural studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fashion - critical and cultural studies - Essay Example The essay "Fashion - critical and cultural studies" concerns the feminine fashion. The durability and versatility of the corset as a defining garment is almost as astonishing as its continuing appeal. Even after it lost its widespread popularity, the continued use of the corset in Hollywood depictions of the feminine preserved its use, established its historic connotations and illustrated how it symbolized something larger than itself. Contemporary fashion has given the corset a new lease on life as women continue to turn to this garment as a means of identification within the modern world. Although the corset has traditionally been viewed as a symbol of female submission, any intrinsic meaning is subject to wide interpretation. â€Å"What the immediate meaning usually comes from is available imagery, past or present, the suggestive pictures that have pervaded public consciousness and are loaded with shared associations†. The tight-lacing of the 17th and 18th centuries indicat e the degree to which the corset was considered a means of female sexual expression and define ideas of female beauty. Understanding how the corset has been used in Hollywood, revitalized in cult fashions and re-introduced in high fashion illustrates how it can operate to convey female submission and aggressive sexuality depending upon the internal and external factors at play in its design and use within modern fashion. Hollywood and the big name movie producers have employed the corset in any number of ways from the beginning of the industry. The corset was already used in everyday dress when ‘Hollywood’ emerged and it was already a strategic garment in Vaudeville and Broadway. Even then, women craved the fashions they saw on stage depending upon the persona of the actress and the intentions of the wearer. Broadway and Vaudeville star Anna Held is the first great example of the corset as a defining garment of the female character. Most of her fame was not attributed t o her singing voice, but rather to â€Å"her rolling eyes, eighteen inch waist and naughty songs†. As is shown in Figure 1, Held continued the practice of tight-lacing in order to portray an enticing, sexually appealing woman with a tiny waist and accented upper features.

The Vietnam Quagmire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Vietnam Quagmire - Essay Example The war in Vietnam and the involvement of the United States (US) served to teach a very important lesson where foreign relations and policy are concerned. The Vietnam War served to teach America and the rest of the world that one cannot impose their ways and values on other people. This was acerbated by the use of military force by the Americans in an effort to coerce President Diem to adopt American style politics and systems of governance. America engaged itself in the Vietnam War without a clear exit strategy, an aspect that further complicated by the fact that the US did not have a set agenda on what was its end goal or objective in the war (Halberstam 4). These factors contributed to chronic suspicion by the Vietnamese leadership and the people, an aspect that did not improve relations between Americans and the Vietnamese. It led to the continuation of a purposeless war attributed to the loss of senseless and massive casualties for both sides an event that could have been avoide d if America had approached this issue in a different manner. During the Vietnam War the Buddhists in the South of Vietnam played a vital role that was seen as progressive in terms of what the country needed at that time. Buddhism was a popular and widespread religion before the coming of Christianity, and rise to power of a devote Roman Catholic priest saw the discrimination of Buddhist elements both in government and society (Halberstam 7).

Ethical Marketing Strategies in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Ethical Marketing Strategies in the Pharmaceutical Industry Ethical marketing refers to the application of marketing ethics into the marketing process. Ethical marketing generally results in a more socially responsible and culturally sensitive business community. The establishment of marketing ethics has the potential to benefit society as a whole, both in the short- and long-term. Ethical marketing should be part of business ethics in the sense that marketing forms a significant part of any business model. Marketing strategy can be arranged into five categories, (1) Physicians-targeted promotions, (2) direct-to-consumer advertising, (3) unethical recruitment of physicians, (4) researchers conflicts of interest, and (5) data manipulation in clinical trials. Drug companies promotions subconsciously influence physicians prescription patterns. Heavy advertising to consumers results in more prescriptions being written, whether or not the new drug is in the best interests of patients, and therefore strongly correlates with sales increases for the promoted new drug. It has been estimated that pharmaceutical companies spend Rs.7 Billions every year prompting their product to Physician in Pakistan. Although pharmaceutical marketing strategies are primarily directed toward practicing physicians and residents, medical student are targeted as well. The goal of this study is to asses the importance of ethical marketing strategies of pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. A questionnaire is design to assess the attitudes of Doctors and pharmaceutical professionals about pharmaceutical promotion, including the acceptability of receiving various gifts, foreign and local sponsorships, and incentives. In this study, Pharmaceutical market will be direct variable, marketing strategies will be indirect variable where as doctors and Pharmaceutical representatives will be population. The scale will use from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Total 180 Questionnaire will be distributed by the researcher. Rresearcher will elaborate here the different choices of m ethodology that have been adopted in this research paper. Research-findings based on data analysis will be discussed in general and exclusively. Finally conclusions and recommendations will be made accordingly. Problem and Its Background Introduction Mark Twain once remarked: Always try to do the right thing. It will surprise a lot of people. And it will astonish the rest. There has long been a close relationship between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry. It has been estimated that 85-90% of doctors in Pakistan see to pharmaceutical representative. These representatives often visit physician offices to discuss their products, provides free samples, and offer gifts. According to industry estimates, pharmaceutical promotional expenditure in Pakistan amounted to Rs.7 Billions in 2009. Approximately 25% of this amount was spend on detailing to doctors, 4% on hospital detailing, 2% on journal ads, 56% on samples, and 12.5% on direct-to-consumer advertisement. The precision and the worth of drug advertisements has been the subject of debate for more than a century now. According to World Health Organizations (WHO) criteria for medicinal drug promotion, promotion refers to all the informational and convincing activities of manufacturers and distributors, the effect of which is to encourage the prescription, supply, purchase and / or use of medicinal drugs. Drug promotion and marketing make up a very large part of the activities of pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan. For the drug promotion, in addition to other activities, companies usually use the written material supposedly showing all the good and bad aspects about the concerned drug. These advertisements can be highly informative as long as they are critically appraised. However, when these are accepted without any question, can contribute to illogical prescribing. Ideally, drug promotional literature should provide health care professionals with considerable information. However, the information contained in promotional material may be inadequate or altogether inaccurate Undoubtedly, the pharmaceutical promotional activities have powerful influences on prescribing behaviour of the doctors although this influence may be more hidden rather than explicit. Being a member state of the United Nations Organization, efforts to regulate drug promotions in Pakistan were also initiated with the proliferation of the Drug Licensing, Registering and Advertising Rules by the Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan. However, there is no mechanism to monitor the drug promotional campaign by pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan despite the fact that there is enough evidence that logical drug utilization problems are increasingly encountered even in developed countries due to unethical practices of pharmaceutical promotion. Since promotional activities influence the prescribing behaviour of the health care providers, it is of utmost importance to critically analyze the claims made in the promotional material of the drugs. Internationally, aspects of contents in pharmaceutical advertising pertinent to evidence based decision-making have been studied. The extent to which pharmaceutical companies promote the merits of their products and whether such c laims are supported by evidence, has not been studied in Pakistan. The results of the present analytical study show that unethical and biased claims regarding the medicinal products are uncontrolled in Pakistan. These drug promotions influence the prescribing behaviour of the General Practitioners, Consultants thus accounting for one of the potentially major causes of illogical prescription. Pakistan Medical Association has developed Ethical Code of conduct for Doctors and pharmaceutical organizations but are not followed by National companies. All Multinational organizations in Pakistan are following the Pakistan Medical Association (PMA) code of conduct and International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) code of conduct. The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations is the global nonprofit NGO representing the research-based pharmaceutical, biotech and vaccine sectors. All the Multinational pharmaceuticals companies running in Pakistan are members of this NGO and bound to follow the code of ethics. Definition of Construct Ethical Marketing Strategies in pharmaceutical industry are the tools and techniques to sell medicines ethically. The strategy must be such that it doesnt not influence the decision making criteria of doctors. Background Information The researcher is working as Field Manger in Roche Pakistan Ltd since last three and half years. Roche Pakistan Ltd is a member of Halfman La Roche Basel, a Switzerland research based multinational organization that is running its businesses in more than 70 countries of 6 continents of the world. Halfman La Roche started it business in 1886 from Basel Switzerland from multivitamins medicines to new innovative biotechnology products. In 1946 they discovered metabolic and antibiotics product. In 1980, they discovered anxiolitic and psychiatric medicines. In 1990s, they discovered cancer and hepatitis medicines. Now Halfman La Roche Basel has discovered 100 more molecules that are in different phases of clinical trails for different diseases. Roche Pakistan Ltd started its operation in Pakistan in 1982. Initially they imported their products and sell in the Pakistan Market but they started their manufacturing in Pakistan in 2001. Now Roche Pakistan Ltd selling its product in 8 segments in Pakistani pharmaceutical market that are; Hepatitis Cancer Transplant Anaemia Antibiotics Antihypertensive Metabolic Diseases Diagnostic Halfman La Roche is at 4th ranking world wide in pharmaceutical industry and is Market leader in Hepatitis, Cancer, Transplant and Anaemia, Metabolic diseases and Diagnostic. The annual sale is CHF. 49051 Millions grew by 10% and operating profit in 2009 was 15012 Millions that grew by 6%. Roche is invested CHF. 9874 Millions on RD in 2009. The free cash flow in 2009 was 8893 that was 79% more than 2008. The total employee of Roche are 81507. Out of them 80115 are permanent. The Sales contribution is more from US that is 38% than West Europe that is 28%. Since pharmaceutical marketing activities influence the prescribing behaviour of doctors, it is of utmost importance to critically analyze the claims made in the promotional material of the drugs. The extent to which pharmaceutical companies promote the merits of their products and relevant clinical trails provide to doctors are not studied in Pakistan. The results of the present analytical study show that unethical and biased claims regarding the pharmaceutical products are uncontrolled in Pakistan. These drug promotions influence the prescribing behaviour of the General Practitioners, Consultants thus accounting for one of the potentially major causes of illogical prescription. Roche Pakistan Ltd is a Member of IFPMA and PMA and follow their ethical business guidelines to sell its products. Roche Paksitan Ltd is at 6th ranking in Pakistan Pharmaceutical Market and its annual sale is Rs. 5.2 Billions in 2009 in Pakistan. Problem Statement Unethical Marketing strategies effect the prescribing habit of doctors that can lead to serious life threatening results for patients. Research Questions Research Q 1: What Ethical Marketing Strategies formulated for business in pharmaceutical industry? Research Q 2: What type of studies should be formulated? Research Q 3: what are the Marketing strategies that effect the decision making criteria of doctors.? 1.6 Research Objectives To find out the problem associated with unethical marketing strategies in pharmaceutical industry. To enlist the ethical strategies that will not effect the decision making criteria of doctors. Hypothesis Ho: There is no relationship between ethical marketing strategies and unethical marketing strategies. H1: There is relationship between ethical marketing strategies and unethical marketing strategies. Scope and Limitations of Study Scope of the research: As this research will be carried out with in single organization that is Roche Pakistan Ltd, based on the population from the different pharmaceuticals representative and doctors so the targeted low population narrows down the scope of the study. Limitations: Following limitation may also be observed during the research procedure and methodology adopted in collection of data from the resources within the organization: Data will be collected only from those respondent who directly and indirectly involved in the decision making process at different levels. Researcher may lave limited access to all authorities in respondent. Respondent may not responded answer due to tight schedule Respondent may not have proper information about variable and their relationship. respondent personal liking and disliking may create some biasness. Respondent may feel hesitation while attempting to questions Respondent may have personal reservations in responding to some questions relevant to their field or job. As the population under study is lessened to 132 respondent only, hence the scale of the study is restricted. Due to inadequate time, Research may cover and pass influential information only Data will be collected by the researcher himself. It is not possible to cover all variables. Significance of the research The study will explore that how the marketing strategies effect the decision making process of healthcare professionals. This research will also helpful to understand the importance of ethical marketing strategies. It will elaborate the impact of ethical marketing strategies on patients life. Moreover another aspect of this study is to elaborate the significance of ethical pharmaceutical strategies for doctor, pharmaceuticals industry and patients. It will assist to confirm that following the ethical marketing codes in pharmaceutical industry not only save the cost of patients but also life. It will also increase the moral and dignity of doctors also. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Ethical marketing is the application of marketing ethics into the marketing process (Patrick, 2005). Ethical marketing generally results in a more socially responsible and culturally responsive business community (Eugene, 1978). Pharmaceutical strategy can be arranged into five categories (Brownlee, April 2004). Heavy pharmaceuticfal promotional activities to doctors results in more prescriptions being written (Elliott, Oct 2004). It has been estimated that 85-90% of doctors in Pakistan see to pharmaceutical representative (Gutknecht, 2001). pharmaceutical promotional expenditure in Pakistan amounted to Rs.7 Billions in 2009 (Gutknecht, 2001). (WHO) criteria for medicinal drug promotion, Marketing Strategies by Pharmaceutical companies is to encourage the prescription, supply, purchase and / or use of medical drugs, (WHO 33rd World Health Assembly, May 1986). The pharmaceutical promotional activities have powerful influences on prescribing behaviour of the doctors although this influence may be more hidden rather than explicit. (Lexchin, 1999). There is no mechanism to monitor the drug promotional campaign by pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan (Lober, 1993). Pakistan Medical Association has developed Ethical Code of conduct for Doctors and pharmaceutical organizations (www.jpma.gov.pk). International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) has developed code of conduct for pharmaceutical organizations. (www.ifpma.org). The strategy must be such that it doesnt not influence the decision making criteria of doctors. (Lober, 1993). Roche Pakistan Ltd is a member of Halfman La Roche Basel (www.roche.com). The annual sale of Roche is CHF. 49051 Millions and operating profit in 2009 was 15012 Millions. Roche is invested CHF. 9874 Millions on RD in 2009. (www.roche.com). In 2002, the pharmaceutical industry spent $15.63 billion on promotions, which include free office supplies, all-expenses-paid events, sales representatives, and awards to physicians (Parker, 2003). A 10-year study of internists at seven university hospitals, published in 1990, found that frequent contact with sales representatives also changed prescription practice (Israel, 2003). New drugs are not time tested; their long-term effects are unknown; many patients who can be just as effectively treated with less expensive, older drugs are risking their health when using newer drugs (Elliott, 2004). Dr. Drummond Rennie, Deputy Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, stated, I suppose I had about 20 at one time (Spears, 2003,). Brett and Colleagues found that physicians make distinction about the ethical acceptability of drug company gifts ( Brett, 2003). Drug information provided by pharmaceutical representative and drug advertisements are inaccurate ( Wilkes, 1992). Medical practitioners are dependent on the pharmaceutical industry for much of their drug information in Pakistan (Ahmad,1990). Unethical practices regarding the medicinal drug promotion are uncontrolled in Pakistan and it is suggested that physicians should be careful and decisive in assessment of advertised claims of greater efficacy, safety or convenience made by the pharmaceutical companies (Ahmad, 1990). Gifts DinnerNetwork Diagram Samples Pharmaceutical Market Doctors à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ International Trip Clinical Trails Cash Chapter 3 Research Methodology In order to answer the research questions mentioned in chapter 1, researcher will elaborate here the different choices of methodology that have been adopted in this research paper. For historical viewpoint, I will conduct a Qualitative (content based) study of the previous researches on the role ethical marketing strategies in pharmaceutical industry. For present view, I will conduct a Quantitative (based on survey) analysis. 3.1 Population In the given research study, the population will be all employees of Roche Pakistan Ltd, Doctors of Medical Unit Sir Gangaram Hospital Lahore. 3.2 Sample The sample will consist of both males and females, Seniors and Juniors Doctors, pharmaceutical representative. According to the designations of the respondents their qualifications, professional experience, age will vary. 3.3 Sampling Technique/Strategy: In order to select the sample from the target population i.e. Roche Pakistan Ltd, Sir Gangaram Hospital Lahore, Non-Probability Convenience (purposive) sampling technique will be used. 3.4 Sample Size For the present study sample size will consist of 132 respondents (Pharmaceutical Representative, Doctors and Chemist). 3.5 Survey Instrument A questionnaire (English language) will be designed to collect the required Information. All the questions will be close-ended. A Cover letter to highlight the purpose of the study and instructions to fill the questionnaire, and a Demographic Data Sheet will be prepared and attached with the Questionnaire as well. 3.6 Data Collection The data for the proposed study will be collected through sell-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire will be circulated, explained and collected by the researcher himself. The questionnaire will be based on Likert Scale and will have five levels of responses against every question from the respondent. Since the company contains different hierarchies of employees and management so the respondents will be categories and manipulated accordingly. The five levels of responses will be: 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Undecided/ Neutral 4. Disagree 5. Strongly Disagree 3.7 Pre-Testing Before the full scale administration of the questionnaire it will also be pre-tested on a  very small segment of the population (10-15 respondents) so that any ambiguity in  any question/s can be dealt with. CHAPTER 4 Data Analysis and Interpretation Available research soft ware for social sciences i.e. SPSS. Will be uses for analysis on Data collected for the proposed research study. Statistical and Arithmetical formulae Correlation or Regression will be applied as per demand and need of the study. Statistical tables and graphs / figures will also be obtained / drawn if needed. CHAPTER 5 Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations In order to achieve the basic purposes and objectives of the proposed research study, research-findings based on data analysis will be discussed in general and exclusively. Finally conclusions and recommendations will be made accordingly.

Landfills :: essays research papers fc

It has long been believed that the largest entity brought upon the Earth by humankind is the Pyramid of the Sun, constructed in Mexico around the start of the Christian era. The mammoth structure commands nearly thirty million cubic feet of space. In contrast, however, is the Durham Road Landfill, outside San Francisco, which occupies over seventy million cubic feet of the biosphere. It is a sad monument, indeed, to the excesses of modern society [Gore 151]. One might assume such a monstrous mound of garbage is the largest thing ever produced by human hands. Unhappily, this is not the case. The Fresh Kills Landfill, located on Staten Island, is the largest landfill in the world. It sports an elevation of 155 feet, an estimated mass of 100 million tons, and a volume of 2.9 billion cubic feet. In total acreage, it is equal to 16,000 baseball diamonds [Miller 526]. By the year 2005, when the landfill is projected to close, its elevation will reach 505 feet above sea level, making it the highest point along the Eastern Seaboard, Florida to Maine. At that height, the mound will constitute a hazard to air traffic at Newark airport [Rathje 3-4]. Fresh Kills (Kills is from the Dutch word for creek) was originally a tidal marsh. In 1948, New York City planner Robert Moses developed a highly praised project to deposit municipal garbage in the swamp until the level of the land was above sea level. A study of the area predicted the marsh would be filled by the year 1968. He then planned to develop the area, building houses and attracting light industry. Mayor Impelliteri issued a report titled "The Fresh Kills Landfill Project" in 1951. The report stated, in part, that the enterprise "cannot fail to affect constructively a wide area around it." The report ended by stating, "It is at once practical and idealistic" [Rathje 4]. One must appreciate the irony in the fact that Robert Moses was, in his day, considered a leading conservationist. His major accomplishments include asphalt parking lots throughout the New York metro area, paved roads in and out of city parks, and development of Jones Beach, now the most polluted, dirty, overcrowded piece of shoreline in the Northeast. In Stewart Udall's book The Quiet Crisis, the former Secretary of the Interior lavishes praise on Moses. The JFK cabinet member calls Jones Beach "an imaginative solution ... (the) supreme answer to the ever-present problems of overcrowding" [Udall 163-4]. JFK's introduction to the book provides this foreboding passage: "Each generation must deal anew with the raiders, with the scramble to use public resources for private profit, and

How far do you agree that Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice is no more than an entertaining study of the surface of polite society?

In ‘Pride and Prejudice there certainly is a great deal of comedy, and will appeal to many readers for what Claire Tomalin calls ‘its good-humoured comedy, its sunny heroine, its dream denouement'. The two main characters appear to be part of what Vivien Jones calls a typical ‘rags-to-riches love story', maintaining happiness after a series of vicissitudes, which might incline readers to think it rather superficial. The critic talks about the surface trivia of Austen's society, which seems to comprise only of balls, scarlet coats and Muslin gowns, but she probes beneath the surface of her society, and concerns herself with the real confinement of the lives of women in her period. Jane Austen explores how women were victims of a patriarchal society, by presenting the unfairness of the entail. She presents Mr. Collins as a fool, by bluntly stating through the critical objective narrative that he ‘was not a sensible man'. By this we see that it is ridiculous that such an imbecile should be able to turn out the two rational sisters Jane and Elizabeth from their own home, since should they not be married they could be facing the same options as Jane Fairfax in Austen's ‘Emma', left to ‘the governess trade', with it's sinister echo of ‘the slave trade'. Also, and perhaps more importantly, she explores not only how women were victims in society, but through Wickham how they were powerless, direct victims of men. The unsettling story of him and Georgiana Darcy shows women as quite powerless, as he exploited her innocence and memory, because ‘her affectionate heart retained a strong impression of his kindness to her as a child'. Her guardians would have been her only protection at Ramsgate, and even they could not be trusted, as the scheme was ‘undoubtably by design' of Mrs. Younge, its evil epitomized by the calculation of the scheme to force Georgiana into the lifelong trap of marriage. Georgiana was only fifteen, and the story line of the serial philanderer Mr. Wickham exposes a very dark and therefore much deeper side to the novel, as he moves next onto Miss King with her i10,000 fortune, then finally onto 16 year old Lydia whom he also sets out to ruin. Much unlike the typical villain of a ‘surface' comedy Wickham learns no lesson, after Georgiana's distress seeming not have developed any moral scruple as he continues to prey on young girls leaving A. G. Sulloway to conc lude ‘Wickham is not capable of moral learning'. As he sets out to ruin Lydia, much echoing Austen's Frederick Tilney of ‘Northanger Abbey' with his treatment of Isabella Thorpe, he puts her whole family's reputation in danger. Had he succeeded their fates would certainly have looked bleak, which relates ‘Pride and Prejudice' to David Diaches' observation that Austen's ‘novel's are usually described as social comedies, but the fact is that some come close to tragedy†¦ ‘, and in fact, though it did end with the best case scenario for Lydia, she was left to spend her life trapped in a loveless marriage, as ‘his affection for her soon sunk into indifference'. Mr Collins proves there are much more to even the comic characters than their surface politeness. His language in his letter revealed him to be pompous, clearly vein and a snob as he boasts of his connection to Lady Catherine, proudly declaring ‘it shall be my earnest endeavour to demean myself with grateful respect towards her ladyship', and his platitudes of wishing ‘to heal the breach', offer ‘an olive branch' and establish the blessing of peace in all families' reveal his vanity. His roe as a comical figure come through as Austen treats him with scathing irony, especially when exposing his sycophancy as the first thing he is reported of saying in the novel is that ‘he had heard much of their [the Bennet sisters'] beauty, but †¦ ame had fallen short of the truth'. Austen tells us ‘this gallantry was not much to the taste of some of his readers', highlighting his obsequiency with the objective narrative. However, his proposal to Elizabeth reveals something much crueler and darker beneath this facade. He knows of the importance of money ‘ in a narrow, desperate, feminine world of financial constraint' (Robert Polhemous), he and plays on this by explaining that he would not ask for any money from Mr Bennet, reminding her ‘I am well aware that it could not be complied with'. In the same way Charlotte finds herself in a position of little choice, and because of her little fortune she finds herself forced to marry the fool, as ‘it was the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune'. Jane Austen points out the cruelty of this situation with a scathing tone of criticism of her society, using abstract evaluative language to emphasise her point that ‘however uncertain of giving happiness, [marriage] must be their pleasantest preservative from want'. Once more Collins ceases an opportunity to exploit financial dependency, and Robert Polhemus states that ‘Charlotte's cast must concern anyone who thinks seriously about the history of women', summarising her situation as ‘a kind of socially respectable prostitution'. Mr Bennet's jokes against his wife highlight him also as a comic figure, as from the beginning of the novel we learn that he frequently teases her with amused contempt, as he asks ‘What can be the meaning of that emphatic exclamation? of her distress, knowing perfectly well what is troubling her. There is a dry whit in his characteristically sarcastic tone, and his weapon against her is irony, which on the surface amuses the reader, but there seems something more to him. Later Elizabeth reflects on this, and imbedded within the objective narrative, in the free indirect style offers a careful analysis of Mr Bennet's faults, using abstract nouns to emphasise the rationality of her disapproval of his â₠¬Ëœcontinual breach of conjugal obligation and decorum'. The narrator suggests that where he exposes his wife to ridicule, he should have at least ‘preserved the respectability of his daughters, even if incapable of enlarging the mind of his wife'. Here Austen points to the importance of education, and her serious tone points to the importance of morals in her novel, demonstrated by parents who set no example for their children, leading A. G. Sulloway to go so far as to call them ‘parents who are morally irresponsible towards daughters'. Mrs. Bennet can also make us laugh with her illogical, trivial mind, which Austen reveals to us with her characteristically ironic coloured narrative, as ‘she was more alive to the disgrace, which the want of new clothes must reflect on her daughter's nuptials, than to any sense of shame at her eloping and living with Wickham, a fortnight before they took place'. This also misleads her daughters, as there can be no surprise Lydia ends up, as Robert Polhemus observed ‘a shallow materialist', but her character is worth more to the novel than just a silly woman or bad parent, in fact she also illustrates more serious aspects of the novel, as the situation with the entail leave her struggling to get five daughters married as soon as possible. We almost feel pathos for her with this stress, as immediately we are told ‘the business of her life was to get her daughters married', with the use of the word ‘business' underlining it's necessity. Jane Austen does not only concern herself with marriages which entrap poor or plain girls, but also explores how an individual can receive personal fulfillment. As our protagonist, Vivien Jones sees that Elizabeth ‘believes †¦ n individual happiness as a legitimate goal' in marriage, and this leads her to refuse two proposals before obtaining enough evidence that it is right for her to settle with one man. Henry Tilney of Jane Austen's ‘Northanger Abbey' said ‘Man has the advantage of choice, women only the power of refusal', and exerting this power came completely unexpectedly to Mr. Collins, whom believed she did ‘secretly mean to accept', Mr Darcy, who we are told ‘had no doubt of a favourable answer'. Elizabeth insists in both cases this because of a lack of ‘desire', proving her search for a husband also one for rational happiness, an idea which Austen presents as the only way for Claire Tomalin's ‘dream denouement'. To gain happiness he also demonstrated a eveloement throughout the novel, as he was educated from pride and prejudice to his own rational happiness. This is demonstrated as he goes from seeing her family connections as a ‘degradation' to allowing Mr Gardiner, the Uncle in trade, to become ‘always on the most intimate terms' come the end of the novel. So, through development of morals and search that delves below surface trivialities our protagonists are allowed their happy ending, which is much in contrast to those characters with little choice of few morals. We see that through the use of her comic characters Austen actually demonstrates a much more sinister side to her society, and the constraint felt by women of the time is evidence that she is reporting on much more than just a ‘polite society'.

Protestant Reformation Essays

Protestant Reformation Essays Protestant Reformation Essay Protestant Reformation Essay The Protestant Reformation was considered as the ultimate revolutionary incident in the 16th century. This was the period when the Church occupied the seat of power. Because of the authoritative control over their constituents and their questionable practices, many people became discounted with the situation. As a consequence, they were forced to choose between the traditional Catholic Church or the new concept of Protestant Reformation.Their dissatisfaction was rooted from many flaws of the Church. First, the Church focused on the conduct of rituals which many perceived as an evasion from the Churchs original objective of helping their devotees to attain personal salvation. The Church sacraments became highly ritualized that they were no longer connected with the Europeans. Its meaning and significance have become senseless. Another major reason that induced the Protestant Reformation was the dispossession of the spiritual influence of the Church officials over their people which wa s caused by the manifestation of secularization. More criticisms commenced when popes and other high church officials adapted a king-like lifestyle wherein they lived in luxurious houses and palaces. More so, because of the acquired fortune of the Church, it instigated numerous forms of abuses which was unfortunately executed by representatives of the Church.As a result from all of these, many people have been driven to initiate changes in the doctrines and rituals of the Catholic Church( Kreis, 2006, â€Å"Protestant Reformation†). During the reformation, one man was bold enough to reveal the truth about the misconducts of the Church, he was Martin Luther. His incessant struggle to tell the truth amid constant intimidations and threat from the Church gave him leverage in gaining the interest and trust of the people. Also, he was able to capitalize on the brewing discontent of the Europeans that made it more difficult for the Church to manage and to put a stop on the dissensi on of the people (cited in everythingimportant.org, â€Å"What started the Protestant Reformation?†).;

Definition and Examples of an Indefinite Pronoun

Definition and Examples of an Indefinite Pronoun An indefinite pronoun is a  pronoun that refers to an unspecified or unidentified person or thing. Its vague rather than specific, and it doesnt have an antecedent. Indefinite pronouns include quantifiers (some, any, enough, several, many, much); universals (all, both, every, each); and partitives (any, anyone, anybody, either, neither, no, nobody, some, someone). Many of the indefinite pronouns can function as determiners. Positive indefinite pronouns ending in -body can be interchanged with those that end with -one, such as anybody and anyone. Types of indefinite pronouns fit two categories: those that are made up of two morphemes and are called compound pronouns, such as somebody, and those that are followed by the word of, called  of-pronouns, such as all or many.   Singular Indefinite Pronouns Most indefinite pronouns take singular verbs,  either because they represent one thing or because they are collective, and, like collective nouns, agree with singular verbs and pronouns. For example,   Neither of us is available for the committee.Each member of the family has the flu.Everyone works well together.Someone came into the room looking for her water bottle.Everybody kept the information on the surprise to him or herself.Either option presents its own challenges. The disagreement of the singular collective pronouns with pronouns in the predicate is one of the most common errors in formal, written English because informal, spoken English doesnt always adhere to the rule. In informal speech, someone would likely say, Everybody kept the information on the surprise to themselves, and no one would find a reason to correct the speaker, because the context is clear.   Plural and Variable Pronouns Plural indefinite pronouns take plural verbs. For example: Both of us match the description.  Many were hoping for a better outcome.Few were optimistic about this ballgame. Variable indefinite pronouns (all, any, more, most, none, some)  can go with either a plural or a singular verb, based on what noun theyre talking about. Can you count whats being talked about? Then give it a plural verb. For example, Most employees are getting a raise.  All the ice is gone.Some ice cubes are in that cooler.  Any experience is beneficial to the job.  Some of his sadness practically feels  tangible. Prepositional Phrases Watch out when youve got prepositional phrases separating your subject and your verb. Here, each is the subject of the sentence, not friends,  and so takes a singular verb. Each is always singular. Each of her friends wants a different team to win. When you have a prepositional phrase following a variable pronoun, whats in the phrase does help determine which type of verb youll need. Most of the bricks were loose on that wall.Some of the food was past its expiration date. List of Indefinite Pronouns allanyanybodyanyoneanythingbotheacheachoneeithereitheroneenougheveryeverybodyeveryonefewmanymostmuchneitherneitheronenoonenobodynonenothingseveralsomesomebodysomeonesomething Sources Ron Cowan,  The Teachers Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 2008 Penelope Choy and Dorothy Goldbart Clark,  Basic  Grammar, and Usage, 8th ed. Wadsworth, 2011 Randolph Quirk et al.,  A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman, 1985 Andrea B. Geffner,  Business English: The Writing Skills You Need for Todays Workplace, 5th ed. Barrons, 2010

Landfills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Landfills - Essay Example This paper includes the history and development of property type of landfills in Australia. The story of how the Australian comes up with this method is also discussed in this paper. The development and application of various methods for this property type is also described. This paper shows the comparison of landfills in Australia with other countries such as the USA, Canada and New Zealand. Graphs and tables are included in this study as your reference about landfills in Australia. The management of wastes is an important environmental issue. Some wastes are toxic and can harm living organisms and their disposal is of particular importance. Other wastes, while not directly toxic, can physically harm the environment. Effective maintenance of waste can help us a lot. Landfills were introduced in England in 1912. It was formerly called as the Controlled Tipping and involves natural fermentation brought about by microorganisms. Waste materials or refuse are deposited in shallow layer, compacted and covered within 24 hours with earth or other chemically inert material from an effective seal. (Britannica, 2006). United States of America and New Zealand are among the countries that use landfills and experienced controversy in using landfills as waste management. Below are some details about the history and development of landfills in both countries. United States of America At the end of World War II, urban growth accelerated. With this growth came increased refuse generation. The impacts of open-burning dumps on public health became a concern. Experience in the military with sanitary fill methods and the interests by some local governments in eliminating open dumps led to increased efforts to dispose of refuse in a sanitary manner, but what prescribed a sanitary manner was unknown. Many local governments that bragged about using the "sanitary landfill" method were actually using modified open dumps. The landfill in 1940 was described in a report prepared by the Sanitary Engineering Research Project of the University of California in 1952.1 The landfill studied in 1949 was described as a refuse dropped and spread out over a large to allow scavengers easy access. At the end of day pigs were allowed on the spread-out refuse for overnight feeding. It is in this year that the landfills made their appearance. Most of the landfills were located on former wetlands. This 1 Sanitary Engineering Research Project. "An Analysis of Refuse Collection and Sanitary Landfill Disposal." practice does not take long and was subjected to change because of obvious reasons. Open burning of refuse created air pollution. Allowing the pig to eat raw garbage was not a sanitary . During this time there were no minimum requirements set as to what constituted a sanitary landfill. Like the landfills in Australia, most of the landfills in USA where also subjected to closure because of the following reasons; it can cause air pollution, the leak is unsafe for the residents that surrounds the area, groundwater contamination and others that affect the health of the people. The commitment of the US Public Health Service (USPHS) to provide national leadership to eliminate open-burning dumps and replace them with sanitary landfills also served as the basis for a broader national strategy to improve the management

A two year old child in extended family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A two year old child in extended family - Essay Example Observations of my case study family led me to understand that the meaning of family is an idea that is enacted through a core, stable group of people that is extended through a fluctuating series of others who come in and out of the home. Henry (1996, p. 32) writes that parents can meet the needs of children through mechanisms of secure attachment, but interactions with others through additional secure attachments can actually enhance childhood attachments with parents. Part of the socialization of a child is to create interactions with a variety of people and to help them engage the world (Edgar 1995, p. 5). As much as the intention of observing is to be on the outside of the family, I found that in my experience the intentions of a toddler will override the intentions of the observer and include them in the family process. The study of the family is the study of origins. Studying different families means studying their diverse cultures to see how differences have an influence, if any, on how children develop (Shimoni and Baxter 2008, p. 47). The family that I visited was Muslim and the structure of the family was nuclear with a mother, father, and extended family consisting of the paternal grandmother and grandfather with whom the parents and the child lived. The mother was focused on the activities of the child with the father being unable to be as focused on the development of the child as he was preoccupied with work for most of the time I observed. (Edgar 1995, p. 5).  ... The study of the family is the study of origins. Studying different families means studying their diverse cultures to see how differences have an influence, if any, on how children develop (Shimoni and Baxter 2008, p. 47). The family that I visited was Muslim and the structure of the family was nuclear with a mother, father, and extended family consisting of the paternal grandmother and grandfather with whom the parents and the child lived. The mother was focused on the activities of the child with the father being unable to be as focused on the development of the child as he was preoccupied with work for most of the time I observed. The motherhood ideology has mothers at the centre of reproduction and early childhood interaction (Reiger 1995, p. 48). The grandparents were very involved in the experiences of the child with an almost equal participation. Shimoni and Baxter (2008, p. 48) discuss a study by Wearing who determined that the ideology of motherhood still held that there is a â€Å"legitimate men’s social power and maintain women’s primary responsibility for child-rearing†. The study also determined that women feel that a ‘good’ mother was always available for her children and being a woman and being a good mother were an intermeshed identity. In studying my case study family I found that this framework of motherhood held true. Observing and Interacting One of the problems with observing is maintaining a barrier between the observer and the observed. During the course of my observations I became close with the family as the mother confided in me some of her concerns and the child interacted with me during the course of the observations. Beckett (1988, p. 140) discusses the nature of the